Wear in Retrieved Charnley Acetabular Sockets

1996 ◽  
Vol 210 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
R M Hall ◽  
A Unsworth ◽  
P Siney ◽  
B M Wroblewski
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Initial Penetration ◽  
Strong Positive Association

One hundred and twenty-nine Charnley acetabular components were acquired at the time of revision surgery and a tribological investigation undertaken. The relative occurrence of pitting in the unworn and worn regions of the sockets suggest that most of the cement ingress occurs during the early part of the service life. The penetration depth of the explanted sockets was determined using the shadowgraph technique. Observation of the profiles in the wear planes suggest that, in general, the creep component was not a significant proportion of the overall change in the inner bore of the socket. Using weighted ordinary least squares regression, in which the intercept was not assumed to be zero, mean penetration and wear volume rates of 0.20 (SE = 0.02) mm/year and 55 (SE = 5) mm3/year, respectively, were recorded and are in agreement with other retrieval studies. In neither case was the intercept found to be significantly different from zero. A mean clinical wear factor, kclinical, equal to 2.1 (SE = 0.2) × 10-6 mm3/N m was calculated which is considerably larger than that found in laboratory experiments which purport to reflect in vivo conditions. In this analysis, a significant positive intercept was observed [96 (SE = 36) mm3] and may be evidence of the small initial penetration due to creep reported in simulator experiments. A strong positive association between kclinical and the arithmetical mean roughness, Ra, of the femoral head was also demonstrated although the rate of change was not as great as that cited for laboratory experiments.

scholarly journals The Role of Maternal Relationship in the Persisting Effect of Combat Exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn C Carr ◽  
Miles G Taylor ◽  
Alex Meyer ◽  
Natalie J Sachs-Ericsson
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Combat Exposure ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Male Veterans ◽  
Maternal Relationship

Abstract Background and Objectives The veteran population is aging. Combat exposure is associated with negative health and psychological outcomes in some, but not all veterans; others even appear to experience gains. One mechanism driving these varied responses might be early life relationships. This study investigated the extent to which the quality of early maternal relationships influences the association between combat exposures and life satisfaction (LS) among older male veterans. Research Design and Methods Data were drawn from a pooled sample of male veterans in the Health and Retirement Study who completed the 2013 Veteran Mail Survey (N = 1,160). We used ordinary least squares regression to examine the association between combat exposures (with and without exposure to death) and LS, and the moderating effect of maternal relationship quality on this association. Results We found a significant positive association between maternal relationship quality and LS, and a significant association of combat that was dependent on maternal relationship quality. Specifically, combat-exposed veterans with poor maternal relationship quality reported lower LS, whereas combat-exposed veterans with high relationship quality reported higher LS—relative to their noncombat-exposed counterparts. The effects of exposure to death of hazardous toxins did not mediate or moderate this relationship. Discussion and Implications Findings indicate that maternal relationships had a lasting influence on whether combat contributed to a positive, negative, or neutral long-term effect on wellbeing. Findings support previous studies that suggest early life factors may play an important role in the fostering of resilient health outcomes over the life course. Implications for preventative strategies in soldiers are discussed.

Applying a Home-Based Approach to the Understanding Distribution of Economic Impacts of Traffic Crashes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (12) ◽  
pp. 360-371
Author(s):  
Amin Mohamadi Hezaveh ◽  
Christopher R. Cherry
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Traffic Crashes ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Home Address ◽  
Spatial Autoregressive

The current practice of road safety attributes traffic crash costs to the location of traffic crashes. Therefore it is challenging to estimate the economic cost of traffic crashes and individuals who are more prone to the burden of traffic crashes. To address this limitation, this study used the home address of individuals who were involved in traffic crashes in the Knoxville Regional Travel Model (KRTM) region between 2015 and 2016. After geocoding the home addresses, 110,312 individuals were assigned to the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) corresponding to their home address and the economic cost of traffic crashes per capita (ECCPC) was calculated for each TAZ. The average ECCPC in the study area was $1,250. The KRTM output was used for extracting travel behavior data elements for modeling ECCPC at the zonal level. This study also established an index to measure average zonal activity in the transportation system for each TAZ. Analysis indicates that the burden of traffic crashes was more tangible in the TAZs with lower-income households and higher average zonal activities. To account for spatial autocorrelation, a Spatial Autoregressive model (SAR) and a spatial error model (SEM) were used. The SAR model was more suitable compared with SEM and ordinary least squares regression. Findings indicate that average zonal activity and traffic exposure have a significant positive association with ECCPC. The ECCPC could be used as an index for allocating proper countermeasures and interventions to groups and areas where the burden of traffic crashes is more tangible.

scholarly journals Tone disclosure and financial performance: evidence from Egypt

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doaa Aly ◽  
Sherif El-Halaby ◽  
Khaled Hussainey
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Bad News ◽  
Good News ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Content Type

Purpose This paper aims to examine the extent to which financial performance (FP) represents one of the main determinants for tone disclosure (TD) in Egyptian annual reports. The authors also measure the bidirectional relationship between TD and FP. Design/methodology/approach The manual content analysis is used to measure the levels of TD in annual reports for a sample of 105 firms listed on the Egyptian stock market. The sample covers a three-year period (2011-2013). Findings The descriptive analysis in this paper shows that Egyptian firms disclose more good news than bad news. Therefore, the net news disclosure, or net variances, between good/bad is positive. The empirical analysis shows a positive association between the narrative disclosure of good/bad news and FP based on return on assets. The authors also find a highly significant association between the auditor, profitability, leverage, firm growth and financial reporting of good/bad news information. Finally, the results of the ordinary least squares regression show that the causality between the two endogenous variables runs from FP to TD. Thus, TD is determined by FP. Originality/value This study offers a novel contribution to disclosure studies by being the first study to examine TD in one of the developing countries.

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Neighborhood Structural Conditions: The Effects of Concentrated Disadvantage on Homicide over Time and Space

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob H. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Neighborhood Change ◽  
Concentrated Disadvantage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Ecological Theories ◽  
Strong Positive Association

Several recent spatial analyses conclude the strong positive association typically found between neighborhood concentrated disadvantage and crime in cross–sectional studies significantly differs across neighborhoods. It is possible this spatial variation is due to within–neighborhood dynamics of continuity and change, as suggested by ecological theories of neighborhood crime. Using ordinary least–squares and geographically weighted regression models, I explore the role of within–neighborhood change on the disadvantage–homicide relationship across Chicago neighborhoods and find that controlling for historical changes in disadvantage within neighborhoods reduces—but does not eliminate—spatial variation in the cross–sectional relationship. Within–neighborhood changes in concentrated disadvantage from 1970 to 2000 are positively related to homicide rates, net of the level of disadvantage in 2000. This suggests the relationship is influenced to some degree by temporal continuity or change in the neighborhood ecological structure, consistent with the dynamic conceptualization of neighborhoods inherent to ecological theories of crime like social disorganization.

scholarly journals Audit fee discounting in the post-SOX environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 715-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin W. Hoffman ◽  
Albert L. Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Positive Association ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Audit Pricing ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sarbanes Oxley ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Audit Fee

Purpose This paper aims to investigate whether the expected implementation of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX 404(b)) (the integrated audit requirement) caused auditors to discount their audit fees for non-accelerated filers in anticipation of expected increased future economic rents (DeAngelo, 1981) from those clients. Design/methodology/approach This paper predicts that auditors charged their non-accelerated filer clients lower audit fees during the years 2005-2007 (in anticipation of increased expected future economic rents from the implementation of the SOX 404(b) requirement) compared with the years 2010-2012 (when it had been determined that non-accelerated filers were permanently exempt from complying with SOX 404(b)). The authors use ordinary least squares regression analysis to examine whether audit fees increased significantly for non-accelerated filers after the permanent exemption announcement. Findings The results show a significant positive association between the exemption announcement and audit fees, supporting the theory that auditors discounted their audit fees for non-accelerated filers in the pre-exemption announcement period. This finding is robust when sensitivity tests are used. Practical implications The findings of audit fee discounting literature related to the post-SOX period are mixed. This study adds to this stream of literature by supporting the notion that audit fee discounting is being practiced post-SOX and is a potential unintended consequence of SOX 404 and the exemption. Thus, investors will be interested in the results of this paper when making their investment decisions with regard to non-accelerated filers. Social implications The results of this paper show that, even in the post-SOX environment, auditors will employ the use of audit fee discounting if a change in regulation incentivizes it. This commentary on the present state of the audit pricing market should be of interest to audit pricing policymakers. Originality/value This paper is one of the first to study audit fee discounting outside the realm of initial audit engagements.

scholarly journals ECE Program Supports and Teacher-Perceived Support from Families: Are They Connected?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 361
Author(s):  
Natalie Schock ◽  
Lieny Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Family Involvement ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Family Engagement ◽  
Social Supports ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Perceived Support ◽  
Conservation Of Resources ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Early Care

According to the Conservation of Resources theory of stress, early care and education (ECE) teachers who receive greater tangible and interpersonal supports from their workplaces will be more positive and effective in their roles. This may translate to them perceiving or eliciting greater support from families, which is a key component to family engagement, a growing area of study in the ECE landscape. This study explores whether four program-level supports (benefits, professional development supports, teacher social supports, program-level family involvement activities) are associated with teacher-perceived support from families. The hypothesis was that all four will be positively associated. This study uses survey data from 102 preschool teachers and 13 preschool program directors in urban areas of two US states. We use ordinary least squares regression with cluster-robust standard errors and a stepwise build-up modeling procedure to determine associations between independent and dependent variables. While teacher social supports had the expected positive association with teacher-perceived support from families, family involvement activities were negatively associated. Our findings suggest that programs looking to improve family engagement may consider interpersonal/cultural supports for teachers and the larger school community. All else equal, simply offering more family involvement activities may not improve engagement culture.

PGC-1α increases skeletal muscle lactate uptake by increasing the expression of MCT1 but not MCT2 or MCT4

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carley R. Benton ◽  
Yuko Yoshida ◽  
James Lally ◽  
Xiao-Xia Han ◽  
Hideo Hatta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Metabolic Genes ◽  
Lactate Uptake ◽  
Strong Positive Association

We examined the relationship between PGC-1α protein; the monocarboxylate transporters MCT1, 2, and 4; and CD147 1) among six metabolically heterogeneous rat muscles, 2) in chronically stimulated red (RTA) and white tibialis (WTA) muscles (7 days), and 3) in RTA and WTA muscles transfected with PGC-1α-pcDNA plasmid in vivo. Among rat hindlimb muscles, there was a strong positive association between PGC-1α and MCT1 and CD147, and between MCT1 and CD147. A negative association was found between PGC-1α and MCT4, and CD147 and MCT4, while there was no relationship between PGC-1α or CD147 and MCT2. Transfecting PGC-1α-pcDNA plasmid into muscle increased PGC-1α protein (RTA +23%; WTA +25%) and induced the expression of MCT1 (RTA +16%; WTA +28%), but not MCT2 and MCT4. As a result of the PGC-1α-induced upregulation of MCT1 and its chaperone CD147 (+29%), there was a concomitant increase in the rate of lactate uptake (+20%). In chronically stimulated muscles, the following proteins were upregulated, PGC-1α in RTA (+26%) and WTA (+86%), MCT1 in RTA (+61%) and WTA (+180%), and CD147 in WTA (+106%). In contrast, MCT4 protein expression was not altered in either RTA or WTA muscles, while MCT2 protein expression was reduced in both RTA (−14%) and WTA (−10%). In these studies, whether comparing oxidative capacities among muscles or increasing their oxidative capacities by PGC-1α transfection and chronic muscle stimulation, there was a strong relationship between the expression of PGC-1α and MCT1, and PGC-1α and CD147 proteins. Thus, MCT1 and CD147 belong to the family of metabolic genes whose expression is regulated by PGC-1α in skeletal muscle.

An examination of SEC revenue recognition comments and IPO earnings management

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schuldt ◽  
Jose Vega
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Initial Public Offerings ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Revenue Recognition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Regulatory Scrutiny

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the association between revenue-based earnings management in the periods immediately before and after firms’ initial public offerings (IPOs) and regulatory scrutiny by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) during review of IPO firms’ registration statements. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses conditional discretionary revenues (Stubben, 2010) as its measure of earnings management, and revenue recognition comments delivered by the SEC as its measure of regulatory scrutiny. The authors use ordinary least squares regression (OLS) models, as well as a supplemental count model, to assess the association between conditional discretionary revenues and revenue recognition comments delivered by the SEC. Findings This study finds evidence of a positive association between earnings management measures in the pre-IPO period and the number of revenue recognition comments received by those firms during the SEC’s review. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that greater numbers of comments are associated with declining earnings management measures in the post-IPO period. However, the evidence suggests that these associations apply only to income-decreasing earnings management. Originality/value This paper extends the IPO earnings management literature by using conditional discretionary revenues as the measure of earnings management, and contributes to a nascent research stream in the accounting literature by investigating the SEC’s comment letter process and its association with, and impact upon, earnings management in the IPO process.

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