Can Heart-rate Recovery Be Associated With Different Parasympathetic Responses At Rest? A Cross-sectional Gender Study.

Background: Age-related change in autonomic nerves covers parasympathetic function decrease that hampers heart rate (HR) control. The effective attempt to improve autonomic nervous function for elderly is routine exercise, however exercise duration among elderly is not always standardized. This study is aimed to compare the effect of different exercise duration to post-exercise Heart Rate Recovery (HRR) between two elderly groups with the same frequency, intensity, type criteria of routine exercise. Method: Method was cross-sectional study which compared exercise duration of standardized group (3x90 minutes/week) and unstandardized group (3x30 minutes/week). Group 1 was elders with standardized duration from Healthy Heart Club and Group 2 was elders who take unstandardized duration from Elderly Home in Bandung city. Each group consisted of 43 elders and data were collected in July-August 2019. After one hour of medium intensity exercise, all respondents were examined for resting HR (HRrest), maximum HR (HRmax), one minute post-exercise HR, and four minutes post-exercise HR. HRR was obtained by subtracting HRmax by one minute post-exercise HR and normal if > 12 bpm. Analysis data was done by SPSS with Mann-Whitney U Test, Fisher Chi Square and Logistic regression. Result: Most of respondents were 60-69 years old and female. Respondents in unstandardized group were more low education, hypertension and smoking. The HRrest of both groups was categorized as normal but increased greater (30x/min) in standardized group. The result showed a significant difference in comparation of median HRR (p=0.001) and number of normal and abnormal HRR (p=0.001) between both groups. Gender, smoking and standardized duration of exercise associated with abnormality of HRR, elders who take unstandardized duration have 12.7 times risk to get abnormal HRR. Conclusion: Routine exercise for elderly is recommended in standardized duration with minimal 150 minutes per week in order to increase post-exercise HRR.

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The Physical Fitness Level, Heart Rate, and Heart Rate Recovery among Adolescent Smokers and Non-smokers

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2021.5805 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (T4) ◽

pp. 101-105

Author(s):

Nurvita Risdiana ◽

Syahruramdhani Syahruramdhani ◽

Armain Suwitno

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

Health Indicators ◽

Step Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Fitness Level ◽

Adolescent Smokers ◽

Measurement Results

BACKGROUND: Physical fitness level (PFL), heart rate (HR), and HR recovery (HRR1) were expressed the physical performance of an individual which can be the excellent indicators of health. That parameter differentiates the physical condition between a smoker and a non-smoker. At present, studies about them for adolescent smokers and non-smokers are still limited. Furthermore, they can be the prediction of the health indicators in the future. AIM: The aim of the study was to compare the PFL, HR, and HRR between adolescent smokers and non-smokers METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted by non-experimental and quantitative research with descriptive comparative design and cross-sectional approach. Mann–Whitney test used to describe the distinction between the PFL of students who are adolescent smokers and adolescent non-smokers. The sample data consist of 65 participants selected by purposive sampling collected using Harvard step test and manual HR measurement. RESULTS: After gathered data, we concluded that the PFL of adolescent non-smokers in our samples was significantly higher than smokers with recorded results of p = 0.001 (p < 0.05); HR1, HR60, HR90, and HR180 in adolescent smokers were higher than non-smokers with p = 0.00 (p < 0.05); there were no differences between HRR1 in adolescent smokers and non-smokers with p = 0.042 (p > 0.05). Smoking had effects on PFL and HR. CONCLUSION: The PFL and HR in adolescent non-smokers were better than in smokers but it had no effect on HRR1.

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Pulmonary Rehabilitation Effects on Heart Rate Recovery in Restrictive Lung Disease Patients

Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573398x15666191116105634 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 299-305

Author(s):

José Savio Ribeiro ◽

Darlé Ana da Silva Barros ◽

Antônio Adolfo Mattos de Castro ◽

Natália Cristina Vargas de Oliveira e Silva ◽

Claudia Kumpel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Lung Disease ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Rehabilitation Program ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Restrictive Lung Disease ◽

Before And After ◽

Sociodemographic Profile

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate heart rate recovery in subjects with restrictive lung disease (RLD) and healthy age matched subjects before and after a rehabilitation program (RP). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study on subjects of both genders, with over 40 years old with and without any diagnosis of restrictive lung disease and who were able to perform physical tasks were included in the study. They were evaluated for sociodemographic profile, lifestyle (ILP), Framingham score, physical capacity (6MWT and treadmill incremental testing) and heart rate recovery before and after RP. Results: 65 subjects were assigned into either G1 (patients with RLD, n=26) or G2 (healthy subjects, n= 39). Initially, patients with RLD increased their heart rate (HR) from 79 to 120bpm, and after the recovery post-exercise, the first minute they reduced HR by nine beats. In the fifth minute after the exercise, HR returned to baseline values. After the RP, mean HR was 71bpm and 79bpm in G1 and G2, respectively. Increased mean 6MWT peak HR in both the groups was seen (110bpm and 120bpm, G1 and G2, respectively). In the first minute of resting, mean HR decreased to 86bpm (- 24bpm) and 72 (-48bpm) in G1 and G2, respectively. In the fifth minute after exercise, HR recovery in both the groups was complete. Conclusion: The RP was effective in improving the first-minute heart rate recovery in patients with restrictive lung disease and, there was an inverse correlation of heart rate recovery with disease severity.

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Abstract P287: Cardiorespiratory Fitness is Associated With Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Adolescents

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.p287 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Eunduck Park ◽

Devin Volding ◽

Wendell Taylor ◽

Wenyaw Chan ◽

Janet Meininger

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Ambulatory Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

Step Test ◽

Central Adiposity ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Unit Increase

Introduction: Low cardiorespiratory fitness (fitness) and high levels of adiposity are independently associated with higher levels of blood pressure in adolescents. However, it remains uncertain whether the associations between fitness and blood pressure are due to fitness itself or results from lower levels of adiposity. Moreover, there are no studies that have determined the extent to which adiposity, including central adiposity, moderates the association between fitness and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP). Hypotheses: 1. Higher levels of fitness will be associated with lower levels of ambulatory systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure after adjusting for adiposity and covariates. 2. With adjustments for covariates, adiposity (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC]) will modify the association between fitness and 24-hour SBP and DBP. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Houston, TX with a sample of 370 adolescents aged 11-16 years. Demographically, the sample was 54% female, 37% African American, 31% Hispanic, 29% non-Hispanic white, and 3% other ethnic/racial groups. Fitness was assessed by a height-adjusted step test and estimated by heart rate recovery, defined as the difference between peak heart rate during exercise and heart rate two minutes post-exercise. Adiposity was measured using dichotomized values for percentiles of BMI (≥ 85 th ) and WC (≥ 50 th ). Ambulatory SBP and DBP (Spacelabs model 90207) were measured every 30-60 minutes over 24 hours on a school day. Mixed-effects regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses with the following covariates: activity, location, and position at the time of each ABP measurement, height, age, sex, ethnicity, sexual maturation level, and mother’s education level. Results: Hypothesis 1: Each unit increase in fitness was associated with a decrease of SBP (-0.058 mmHg, p = 0.001) and DBP (-0.043 mmHg, p < 0.0001) after adjustment for WC and covariates. Each unit increase in fitness was associated with a decrease in SBP (-0.058 mmHg, p = 0.001) and DBP (-0.045 mmHg, p < 0.0001) after adjustment for BMI and covariates. Hypothesis 2: Fitness and BMI ≥ 85 th percentile (or WC ≥ 50 th percentile) interactions were not significantly associated with ambulatory SBP or DBP after adjustment for covariates. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a small but statistically significant inverse effect of fitness on 24-hour ABP in adolescents, and no evidence of a modifying effect of adiposity on this association. Further research is needed to better understand the protective role of fitness on cardiovascular health in adolescents.

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Heart rate recovery after 6-min walk test in people with bronchiectasis. A cross-sectional study

10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa1172 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Juan Antonio Sáez-Pérez ◽

Beatriz Herrero Cortina ◽

Victoria Alcaraz-Serrano ◽

Marina Francín-Serrano ◽

Marta San Miguel-Pagola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Walk Test ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

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Perbandingan Pemulihan Laju Jantung antara Subjek Obes Sentral Terlatih dengan yang Non-obes Sentral Tak Terlatih

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.5.2.2017.16878 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ribka Wowor ◽

Frans Wantania ◽

Fendy Pamolango

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

T Test ◽

Abdominal Circumference ◽

Autonomic Nerve ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

Autonomic Nerve System ◽

Nerve System

Abstract: Heart rate recovery (HRR) is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in adult as well as a risk factor of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Heart rate recovery is affected by autonomic nerve system and interestingly, athletes have more effective autonomic nerve system than the non-athletes. This was an observational descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. Subjects were 15 adult trained males with central obesity and 15 untrained males without central obesity. Central obesity was determined if abdominal circumferences was above 90 cm. The treadmill test with Bruce protocol was used to evaluate the HHR at the second minute of recovery which was abnormal if the HRR below 42 times per minute. The non-tailed T test was used to determine the comparison of HRR between trained central obese and non-trained non-central obese subjects. The results showed that the 15 trained males with central obesity had average age 31.7±3.7 years and mean abdominal circumference 98.6±5.66 cm meanwhile the 15 untrained males without central obesity had mean age 29.4±6.4 years and mean abdominal circumference 80.27±7.05 cm. Mean HRR of the trained subjects was 55.6±10.6 and of the untrained subjects was 47.8 ±1.8. The non-tailed T test showed significant result in comparing the HRR between trained subjects and untrained subjects (P < 0.025). Abnormal HRR was found in 6.6% of the trained subjects and in 20% of the untrained subjects. Conclusion: Trained males with central obesity had a better HRR significantly than untrained males without central obesity; therefore, physical exercise played an important role in HRR.Keywords: heart rate recovery (HRR), central obesity, trained Abstrak: Pemulihan laju jantung (PLJ) merupakan prediktor kematian kardiovaskular pada orang dewasa dan dipengaruhi oleh sistem saraf otonom. Uniknya, atlet atau individu yang terlatih memiliki sistem saraf otonom yang lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan yang tidak terlatih. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari15 pria dewasa dengan obesitas sentral yang terlatih dan 15 pria dewasa dengan non-obesitas sentral yang tidak terlatih. Subjek dinyatakan terlatih bila memenuhi rekomendasi latihan fisik menurut WHO. Obesitas sentral diukur dengan meteran pada lingkar perut bila lebih dari 90 cm. Uji latih jantung (ULJ) menggunakan treadmill dengan protokol Bruce. Pemulihan laju jantung dinilai pada menit ke-2 fase pemulihan dan dikatakan abnormal bila PLJ <42 x/menit. Perbandingan antara PLJ pada subjek obes sentral yang terlatih dengan subjek non-obes sentral yang tidak terlatih diuji dengan uji-T tidak berpasangan. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 15 subjek pria obes sentral yang terlatih dengan rerata usia 31,7±3,7 tahun, rerata lingkar perut 98,6±5,66cm dan 15 subjek pria non-obes sentral yang tidak terlatih dengan rerata usia 29,4±6,4 tahun, rerata lingkar perut 0,27±7,05cm. Rerata PLJ pada subjek obes sentral yang terlatih 55,6±10,6, dan rerata PLJ pada non-obes sentral yang tidak terlatih 47,8±1,8. Uji-T tidak berpasangan mendapatkan hasil bermakna untuk perbandingan antara PLJ pada subjek obes sentral yang terlatih dengan subjek non-obes sentral yang tidak terlatih (p<0,025). Didapatkan nilai abnormal PLJ 6,6% pada kelompok subjek obes sentral terlatih dan 20,0% pada kelompok subjek non-obes sentral tak terlatih. Simpulan: Subjek obes sentral yang terlatih memiliki PLJ yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan subjek non-obes sentral yang tidak terlatih secara bermakna yang menunjukkan faktor latihan fisik berperan penting terhadap PLJ.Kata kunci: pemulihan laju jantung (PLJ), obesitas sentral, terlatih

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A Systematic Review on Heart-Rate Recovery to Monitor Changes in Training Status in Athletes

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.7.3.251 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 251-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

Hein A.M. Daanen ◽

Robert P. Lamberts ◽

Victor L. Kallen ◽

Anmin Jin ◽

Nico L.U. Van Meeteren

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Autonomic Function ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

Training Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

Exercise Period ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

And Training

Heart-rate recovery (HRR) has been proposed as a marker of autonomic function and training status in athletes. The authors performed a systematic review of studies that examined HRR after training. Five cross-sectional studies and 8 studies investigating changes over time (longitudinal) met our criteria. Three out of 5 crosssectional studies observed a faster HRR in trained compared with untrained subjects, while 2 articles showed no change as a result of training. Most longitudinal studies observed a corresponding increase in HRR and power output (training status). Although confounding factors such as age, ambient temperature, and the intensity and duration of the exercise period preceding HRR make it difficult to compare these studies, the available studies indicated that HRR was related to training status. Therefore, the authors conclude that HRR has the potential to become a valuable tool to monitor changes in training status in athletes and less well-trained subjects, but more studies and better standardization are required to match this potential.

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Heart rate recovery to assess fitness: comparison of different calculation methods in a large cross-sectional study

Research in Sports Medicine ◽

10.1080/15438627.2021.1954513 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Denis Mongin ◽

Clovis Chabert ◽

Delphine Sophie Courvoisier ◽

Jeronimo García-Romero ◽

Jose Ramon Alvero-Cruz

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Calculation Methods ◽

Cross Sectional

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Contribution of the Autonomic Nervous System to Recovery in Firefighters

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-0426.19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 1001-1008 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kyle T. Ebersole ◽

David J. Cornell ◽

Robert J. Flees ◽

Corey M. Shemelya ◽

Sabrina E. Noel

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Nervous System ◽

Autonomic Nervous System ◽

Best Practice ◽

Maximal Exercise ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

Fire Service ◽

Active Duty ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Autonomic Nervous

Context Sudden cardiac deaths (SCDs) have accounted for nearly half of the line-of-duty deaths among US firefighters over the past 10 years. In 2018, 33% of all SCDs occurred after the end of a fire service call. Researchers have suggested that an imbalance in autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation of heart rate postcall may interfere with recovery in firefighters. Objective To use heart-rate recovery (HRR) and heart-rate variability (HRV), 2 noninvasive markers of ANS function, to examine the ANS recovery profiles of firefighters. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Firehouse and research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Thirty-seven male career active-duty firefighters (age = 39 ± 9 years, height = 178.8 ± 5.4 cm, mass = 87.9 ± 11.2 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s) Percentage of maximal HR (%MHR) and HRV (natural log of the square root of the mean sum of the squared differences [lnRMSSD]) were collected after both submaximal and maximal exercise protocols during a 10-minute seated recovery. The HRR profiles were examined by calculating the asymptote, amplitude, and decay parameters of the monoexponential HRR curve for each participant. Results Differences in HRR parameters after 10 minutes of seated recovery were identified after submaximal versus maximal exercise (P < .001). In addition, although ANS was more suppressed after maximal exercise, HRV indicated incomplete recovery, and regardless of the test, recovery %MHR and lnRMSSD values did not return to pretest %MHR and lnRMSSD values. Conclusions Our results suggest that the ANS contributions to recovery in active-duty firefighters are exercise-intensity specific, and this is likely an important factor when establishing best-practice recovery guidelines.

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