scholarly journals The Long-Term Effects of Communism in Eastern Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-191
Author(s):  
Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln ◽  
Matthias Schündeln
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The West ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Support For Democracy ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators

We analyze the long-term effects of communism on both policies and preferences in Eastern Europe in four areas in which the communist and capitalist doctrines fundamentally differ: government intervention in markets, political freedom, and inequality in incomes and across genders. Macroeconomic indicators related to these areas show convergence of the East to the West. However, residents in the East express less support for democracy and a stronger desire for redistribution, in line with the communist doctrine. Their preferences for the market economy are on average similar to the ones in the West, and their support of female labor force participation is even lower. To establish an effect of communism on preferences, we recur to cohort differences. In all four areas, older cohorts in the East who have lived under communism for a longer time show preferences more in line with communism than younger cohorts, compared to the same cohort gradient in the West.

Consequences and Continuities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Escott
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
African Americans ◽  
National Government ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The West ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
North And South

This chapter focuses on the consequences of the Civil War, especially for the nation-state, for African Americans, and for the West. It examines, with commentary and suggestions, new ideas about how to conceptualize the era. An uneven process of national consolidation yielded a national government that was strong in some areas and weak or absent in others. The long-term effects of the war on communities, veterans, immigrants, and attitudes North and South are key areas for research.

Democracy in Eastern Europe as a Civilising Process

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 288-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Wydra
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Political Opposition ◽  
The West ◽  
Communist State ◽  
Collapse Of Communism ◽  
East And West ◽  
Western Experience

In this chapter, Harald Wydra argues that the rise of democracy in Eastern Europe has been a long-term social process interwoven with the collapse of communism whose origins are long before 1989. He challenges the vision of East and West as two isolated blocs that prevailed in the 1950s and the assumption of gradual convergence that became widespread in the 1970s and 1980s. His main focus is upon the East where, he believes, dissident movements created a ‘second reality’, undermining the myths propounded by the official communist establishment. He argues that there was an increase in self-restraint on the part of the communist state accompanied by the growth of civil society and non-violent political opposition. The East experienced a feeling of ‘unrequited love’ in its relationship to the West. Dissidents took their standards and aspirations from Western experience but found themselves largely ignored by the West. Since 1989, democratisation has increased the influence of western models and standards but it has also led to a breakdown of self-restraint and an upsurge of violence.

The Effectiveness of Aerial Baiting for the Control of Dingoes in North-Western Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The West ◽  
Fresh Meat ◽  
North Western

Radiotracking was used to evaluate the effectiveness of aerial baiting in controlling populations of wild dingoes, Canisfamiliaris dingo. Four baitings were carried out in the West Pilbara region of Western Australia, using fresh-meat baits or factory-produced baits, poisoned with compound 1080. In one trial fresh-meat baits killed all 18 radio-collared dingoes; in another, factory baits killed 63% of radio-collared dingoes; in a third, 62% were killed by factory and fresh-meat baits. The factors considered to be most important in influencing the results of these trials included the number and distribution of baits dropped, bait type, and the age and social status of dingoes. Aerial baiting was shown to be an efficient and cost-effective dingo control technique under the conditions existing during the study. The long-term effects on the dingo population are discussed.

Communism in Eastern Europe

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Kolář
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The West ◽  
East European ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Historical Origins

This article outlines the place of Eastern Europe in global communism. After considering the historical origins of communism, it concentrates on the period of state socialism (1945–89). The communist project was part of East European societies’ long-term endeavour to overcome their backwardness and to catch up with the West. It thus found itself between nation-building and Sovietization. The article argues that Eastern European communism was characterized by four major contradictions: between nation and class, state and society, production and consumption, and culture and ideology. The regimes successfully mastered these conflicts for a rather long time, acquiring a considerable degree of legitimacy in the process. Yet eventually these contradictions caused communism’s collapse in the late 1980s. Through this prism, the article traces the development of communism from popular democracy through Stalinism and de-Stalinization to ‘actually existing socialism’.

scholarly journals The Creation of the Nahal Settlement Enterprise

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 68-93
Author(s):  
Nadav Fraenkel
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
British Mandate ◽  
Youth Movement ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Future State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Set Up

During the days of the British Mandate in Palestine, the leadership of the Hebrew Yishuv developed the concept of security settlements, i.e., settlements established on the frontier to provide security along the borders of the future state. The concept was put into practice with the Nahal (acronyms of Pioneer Youth Warrior) Brigade settlement enterprise which set up dozens of settlements from 1951 onwards. The first six settlements were founded by ‘lone’ soldiers: immigrants from Eastern Europe and Islamic countries, and natives who did not have a youth movement or pioneering background. The article offers an account of the creation of the Nahal settlement enterprise which adds to the existing research on the subject in two ways. Firstly, it identifies some of the stages in the historical process that have not as yet been adequately described. Secondly, contrary to existing research which claims that the attempt to integrate lone soldiers within the Nahal settlement enterprise failed and had no long-term effects, we argue that the integration achieved most of its goals.

scholarly journals THE UKRAINIAN QUESTION IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE SECOND CZECHO-SLOVAK REPUBLIC AT THE TURN OF 1938-1939

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
O. Pahiria
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
The West ◽  
Active Debate ◽  
The Republic

The article examines the place and the role of the Ukrainian question in the foreign policy of the Second Czecho-Slovak republic during the post-Munich period. The emergence of this question on the Czechoslovak diplomacy agenda in 1938-1939 was associated with the formation of autonomous Subcarpathian Ruthenia/Carpatho-Ukraine in the republic’s east, as well as with the active debate in international circles concerning Germany’s aggressive plans in Eastern Europe with the use of the Ukrainian card. Based on unknown documents from the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ archives, the article analyses Prague’s attitude towards prospects of the formation of a “Great Ukraine” on the platform of Carpatho-Ukraine. Czechoslovakian government’s position in the Ukrainian question was ambiguous and was shaped by several international factors: 1) Germany’s policy that used the Ukrainian question as a “bargaining chip” in its diplomacy; 2) the aspirations of Poland and Hungary to establish a common frontier in the Carpathians; 3) the position of Romania as Czecho-Slovakia’s key ally, which until some point was strategically interested in retaining the land corridor with Prague through Subcarpathian Ruthenia; 4) the “appeasement policy” of the West, which sought to divert Hitler’s aggression to the East with the use of the Ukrainian card. If earlier Prague looked with suspicion at the Ukrainian question as a certain threat to its territorial integrity due to the factor of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, in 1939 it perceived the Ukrainian card as a possible salvation for Czecho-Slovakia itself. At the beginning of 1939, Czernin Palace developed a few projects which suggested to use the Ukrainian question for the sake of saving the republic. This plan was backed by certain circles of British diplomacy, who had the interest to direct Germany to the East, towards Ukraine’s natural resources. Unfortunately, this period was too short to produce any long-term strategies of Prague on the Ukrainian question. Eventually, Hitler decided to deliver a different verdict to the fate of Carpatho-Ukraine by having passed it to Hungary.

scholarly journals New tariff regulation for natural monopolies: what should it be?

2017 ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
I. A. Dolmatov ◽  
I. YU. Zolotova ◽  
I. V. Maskaev
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Electric Networks ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

For the last several years, the Russian Federation has been artificially restraining the growth of tariffs for the services of natural monopolies. A simple decision, which is taken hastily a few years ago as a short-term anti-crisis measure, has every chance of becoming a "solution" for many years to come. The authors attempt to analyze the short-term and long-term effects of the tariff regulation and present the results obtained in the framework of the basic research program of the Higher School of Economics on the impact of tariffs in the energy sector on the main macroeconomic indicators, most often used as arguments in favor of tariff restraint. It is shown that tariffs, including the ones for electricity networks, should cover all efficient costs of regulated companies in full which enables reliable and safe power supply for sustainable and efficient development of industries and wellbeing of the population. The authors present for the first time the results of the estimations of the efficiency of the operational costs of electric networks in Russia obtained on the models developed by the Institute of Pricing and Regulation of Natural Monopolies. The models are based on the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique, one of the most advanced and most common methods in contemporary tariff setting.

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