Urethral plug-a new secondary male sex characteristic in rat and other rodents

1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Kunstýř ◽  
Werner Küpper ◽  
Herwig Weisser ◽  
Susanne Naumann ◽  
Claus Messow
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Vaginal Plug ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Proximal Urethra

The plug is an eosinophilic mass, partly homogenous and partly porous, filling the proximal urethra in rats and occasionally extending into the bladder. Its average weight in 131 adult rats was 0·063 g. These plugs are normally present in the urethra of adult male rats, and this seems to be the case for all laboratory Muridae and Cavidae. The absence of a plug in an adult male may be a sign of abnormality associated with failing health. There is an interesting similarity between the amino acid composition of the content of seminal vesicles, that of the urethral plug, and that of the copulatory vaginal plug in female rodents.

EFFECTS OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE ON PLASMA TESTOSTERONE LEVELS IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED AND IN INTACT IMMATURE AND ADULT MALE RATS

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. EL SAFOURY ◽  
A. BARTKE
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

SUMMARY The effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) on plasma testosterone levels were examined in hypophysectomized and in intact immature and adult male rats. The animals were injected with saline, LH, FSH, or both gonadotrophins twice daily for 3·5 days and were killed 3 h after the last injection. Plasma testosterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. In immature hypophysectomized rats, plasma testosterone levels were not changed by treatment with LH, FSH or LH plus FSH. The weight of the testes and of the seminal vesicles was increased only in animals injected with both LH and FSH. In adult hypophysectomized rats, LH caused the expected increase in plasma testosterone levels, while FSH injected alone had no effect. Plasma testosterone levels in rats treated with 5 μg LH and 20 μg FSH were significantly greater than those in animals given 5 μg LH alone. However, the same dose of FSH did not potentiate the action of 25 μg LH on plasma testosterone levels. In adult hypophysectomized rats the weight of testes was not affected by any of the treatments. The weight of the seminal vesicles was increased by the higher dose of LH and addition of FSH caused no further increase. In intact immature and adult rats plasma testosterone levels and the weight of testes were not changed by any of the treatments. Seminal vesicle weight was increased only in adult rats treated with the higher dose of LH together with FSH. The results demonstrate that FSH potentiates the action of low doses of LH on plasma testosterone levels in adult hypophysectomized rats and suggest that FSH may be involved in the regulation of androgen secretion by the rat testis.

EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE MEDIATED OR MODULATED BY PITUITARY FACTORS

1975 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. DE MOOR ◽  
M. ADAM-HEYLEN ◽  
H. VAN BAELEN ◽  
G. VERHOEVEN
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARY Adult rats of both sexes were either gonadectomized or hypophysectomized and gonadectomized. Three to eight weeks later they were treated for 14 consecutive days with oil or with 75 or 200 μg testosterone propionate (TP) per 100 g body weight. The animals were killed and for each sex the gonadectomized animals were compared with the hypophysectomized-gonadectomized animals as far as their NADPH- and NADH-dependent 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3α-HSD) in renal microsomes, transcortin levels in serum and five organ weights relative to total body weight were concerned. For two of the latter, i.e. the relative kidney and prostatic weights, no significant differences were found. Transcortin levels, relative adrenal weights and renal NADPH-dependent 3α-HSD activities were higher in oil-treated gonadectomized animals than in oil-treated hypophysectomized-gonadectomized animals. The opposite was found for the relative weights of uterus and seminal vesicles and renal NADH-dependent 3α-HSD activities. These differences between gonadectomized and hypophysectomized-gonadectomized animals disappeared after TP treatment as far as transcortin levels were concerned but remained for the five other parameters. After gonadectomy sexual differences subsisted for all parameters studied. But whereas intact male rats had higher NADH-dependent 3α-HSD activities than female rats the opposite was found after gonadectomy. After gonadectomy plus hypophysectomy the between sex differences disappeared as far as transcortin levels were concerned but remained in the other parameters studied.

scholarly journals Effects of treadmill with different intensities on bone quality and muscle properties in adult rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhehao Liu ◽  
Jiazi Gao ◽  
He Gong
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Nanoindentation Test ◽  
Adult Rats

Abstract Background Bone is a dynamically hierarchical material that can be divided into length scales of several orders of magnitude. Exercise can cause bone deformation, which in turn affects bone mass and structure. This study aimed to study the effects of treadmill running with different intensities on the long bone integrity and muscle biomechanical properties of adult male rats. Methods Forty-eight 5-month-old male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: i.e., sedentary group (SED), exercise with speed of 12 m/min group (EX12), 16 m/min group (EX16), and 20 m/min group (EX20). The exercise was carried out for 30 min every day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. The femurs were examined using three-point bending test, microcomputer tomography scanning and nanoindentation test; the soleus muscle was dissected for tensile test; ALP and TRACP concentrations were measured by serum analysis. Results The failure load was significantly increased by the EX12 group, whereas the elastic modulus was not significantly changed. The microstructure and mineral densities of the trabecular and cortical bone were significantly improved by the EX12 group. The mechanical properties of the soleus muscle were significantly increased by treadmill exercise. Bone formation showed significant increase by the EX12 group. Statistically higher nanomechanical properties of cortical bone were detected in the EX12 group. Conclusion The speed of 12 m/min resulted in significant changes in the microstructure and biomechanical properties of bone; besides, it significantly increased the ultimate load of the soleus muscle. The different intensities of treadmill running in this study provide an experimental basis for the selection of exercise intensity for adult male rats.

STUDIES ON EOSINOPHIL GRANULOCYTES.

1967 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Baker ◽  
F. Bergman ◽  
B. Josefsson ◽  
K. G. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Levator Ani ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Levator Ani Muscle ◽  
Eosinophil Granulocytes ◽  
Anterior Prostate ◽  
Long Acting

ABSTRACT Castrated, adult male rats were given a long-acting androgen in doses that caused a rapid growth of the anterior prostate lobes, the seminal vesicles, and the levator ani muscle. There was no decrease in the number of mast cells, and no increase in the number of eosinophils.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in the Effect of Prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure and Challenge Dose of Other Drugs on Behavior of Adult Rats

2013 ◽  
pp. S99-S108 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. ŠLAMBEROVÁ ◽  
E. MACÚCHOVÁ ◽  
K. NOHEJLOVÁ-DEYKUN ◽  
B. SCHUTOVÁ ◽  
L. HRUBÁ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Prenatally Exposed ◽  
Challenge Dose ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

The aim of the present study was to compare the response to acute application of several drugs in adult male and female rats prenatally exposed to methamphetamine (MA). Spontaneous locomotor activity and exploratory behavior of adult male and female rats prenatally exposed to MA (5 mg/kg) or saline were tested in a Laboras apparatus (Metris B.V., Netherlands) for 1 h. Challenge dose of the examined drug [amphetamine – 5 mg/kg; cocaine – 5mg/kg; MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) – 5 mg/kg; morphine – 5 mg/kg; THC (delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol) – 2 mg/kg] or saline was injected prior to testing. Our data demonstrate that prenatal MA exposure did not affect behavior in male rats with cocaine or morphine treatment, but increased locomotion and exploration in females. Application of amphetamine and MDMA in adulthood increased activity in both sexes, while cocaine and THC only in female rats. Morphine, on the other hand, decreased the activity in the Laboras test in both sexes. As far as sex and estrous cycle is concerned, the present study shows that males were generally less active than females and also females in proestrus-estrus phase of the estrous cycle were more active than females in diestrus. In conclusion, the present study shows that the prenatal MA exposure does not induce general sensitization but affects the sensitivity to drugs dependently to mechanism of drug action and with respect to gonadal hormones.

Voluntary oral dosing for precise experimental compound delivery in adult rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 002367722110169
Author(s):  
Kyle C Chesler ◽  
Cara T Motz ◽  
Katie L Bales ◽  
Rachael A Allen ◽  
Harrison K Vo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Drug Dosing ◽  
Oral Dosing ◽  
Drug Studies ◽  
Delivery Efficiency

Preclinical drug studies routinely administer experimental compounds to animal models with the goal of minimizing potential adverse events from the procedure. In this study, we assessed the ability to train adult male Long Evans rats to accept daily voluntarily syringe feedings of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) compared to intraperitoneal (IP) injections. Rats were trained to become familiar with the syringe and then fed a training solution that did not contain the experimental compound. If the rat was compliant during the training phase, the dilution of training solution was continuously decreased and replaced with the experimental solution. Voluntary oral dosing compliance was recorded and quantified throughout the study. To assess drug activity within the drug-targeted tissues, the striatum and retina were collected and analyzed for L-DOPA, dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Drug delivery efficiency by oral dosing was directly compared to IP injection by collecting plasma and analyzing L-DOPA levels with HPLC. Adult male rats had high compliance for voluntary oral dosing. HPLC showed that oral administration of the compound at the same dose as IP injection yielded significantly lower plasma levels, and that higher oral L-DOPA doses yield higher plasma L-DOPA content. This study describes detailed methodology to train adult rats to syringe feed experimental compounds and provides important preclinical research on drug dosing and drug delivery to the striatum and retina.

Reproductive toxicity and tissue concentrations of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77) in male adult rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
A S Faqi ◽  
P R Dalsenter ◽  
W Mathar ◽  
B Heinrich-Hirsch ◽  
I Chahoud
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Testis Weight ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Reproductive Effects ◽  
Investigation Period

1 The aim of this study was to ascertain the reproductive effects of PCB 77 on adult male rats and to determine its concentration in the liver and testis. Adult male rats (n=15/group) were treated subcutaneously with a singledoseof18 mg/kgbw(PC18)orwith60 mg/kg bw (PC60). The substance was dissolved in a 10 ml volume of peanut oil/kg. Control rats received the same volume of the vehicle. The reproductive effects as well as the concentration of PCB 77 in the liver and testis were investigated 1, 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. 2 In both groups, the daily sperm production (DSP; 6106) remained permanently reduced in the PC18 as well as in the PC60 groups throughout the entire investigation period (DSP week 8: control: 31+7; PC18: 22+5; PC60: 20+7). The sperm number (6106) per cauda epididymis was affected only at the 1st and 4th week after treatment (control week 1: 211+67; PC18 week 1: 135+62; PC60 week 1: 142+49). Moreover, a significant increase in the percentage of abnormal sperm was observed 4 weeks following treatment in the PC18 and PC60 groups and 8 weeks after treatment in the PC60 group. Abnormal tails were the most frequent changes observed. 3 The relative testicular and prostata weights (g) were slightly increased in the PC60 group at the 1st and 4th week following treatment (testis weight: control/I: 0.46+0.02; PC60/I: 0.51+0.03). 4 The serum testosterone concentrations and effects on testis morphology were not reported. 5 The maximum concentration of PCB 77 was detected in the liver and testis 1 week after treatment. The concentration declined 4 weeks after treatment in both organs, but still a significant amount of PCB 77 was detectable in the liver as well as in the testis 8 weeks after treatment. 6 The results demonstrate that PCB 77 affects sperm variables when applied to adult rats and that the elimination of PCB 77 in the testis parallels that of the liver.

Changes in renal glomerular basement membrane with age and nephritis

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1197-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kalant ◽  
S. Satomi ◽  
R. White ◽  
E. Tel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Glomerular Basement Membrane ◽  
Disulfide Bonds ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Collagen Content ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Adult Rats

Glomerular basement membrane was obtained from normal, young and old adult rats and from animals with antiserum nephritis, daunomycin nephrosis, and lathyrism. With increased age there was an increase in the collagen content of whole glomeruli and of the basement membrane. About 50% of the membrane protein was solubilized in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and a further 35% was solubilized by reduction and alkylation. Inhibition of formation of collagen cross-links by induction of lathyrism did not affect membrane solubility. Preparative disc gel electrophoresis permitted separation of a number of components of different composition; with decreasing molecular weight the collagen content declined from almost 100% to 0%.In antiserum nephritis, there was an increase in the noncollagen components of the membrane and marked alterations in amino acid composition, both of whole membrane and of electrophoretically separated components. In daunomycin nephrosis, the amino acid composition was similar to that of antiserum nephritis. The solubility of membrane from nephritic rats was normal. The composition of the insoluble residue was similar for all membrane preparations and resembled pure collagen. It is suggested that the presence of abnormal noncollagen proteins, associated with the insoluble collagen core by hydrophobic and disulfide bonds, as in antiserum nephritis, is associated with increased membrane permeability leading to proteinuria.

METABOLISM AND MODE OF ACTION OF ANDROGENS IN TARGET TISSUES OF MALE RATS

1972 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Buric ◽  
H. Becker ◽  
C. Petersen ◽  
K. D. Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Peripheral Muscle ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Accessory Sex Organs ◽  
Testosterone Administration

ABSTRACT Either 0.7 μg [1,2-3H] testosterone* (51 Ci/mm) or 0.8 μg [1,2-3H] 5α-dihydrotestosterone (44 Ci/mm) was administered intravenously to normal adult male rats 3, 7, and 12 days after castration. 30 min after the injection, the animals were sacrificed. Total radioactivity counting was performed on aliquots of extracts of blood, peripheral muscle, prostates and seminal vesicles. In a first TCL the extracts were separated into five fractions. Further purification by acetylation and repeated chromatographic procedures revealed, that fraction C consisted of about 90 % of testosterone, fraction D of varying amounts of 5α- and 5β-DHT, fraction E of androstanedione and androstenedione, and fraction B mainly of androstanediols. The following results should be mentioned: 1. The radioactivity uptake by the accessory sex organs was significantly higher than that of skeletal muscle. The highest values were found on day 3 after castration. 5α-DHT under all conditions produced higher concentrations in the target tissues than testosterone, whereas in skeletal muscle the opposite was found. 2. After testosterone administration testosterone was very efficiently converted to 5α-DHT in target organs. Nevertheless substantial amounts of testosterone and of androstanedione and androstanediols are present. In blood, however, only small amounts of labelled 5α-DHT were found. After 5α-DHT administration, in target organs, 5α-DHT was converted to androstanedione and androstanediols up to about 20%. In blood the bulk of radioactivity was related to the androstanediol fraction. No conclusion therefore can be drawn from the data obtained in blood on the metabolic events occurring in the target organs. 3. The sequence of metabolic events in the target tissues supports the concept of a preferred 17-hydroxy pathway and a lack of 5β-reductase.

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