Understanding the direct and indirect costs of patients with schizophrenia

Background: Schizophrenia is a disabling mental disorder with high prevalence and that usually requires long-term follow-up and expensive lifelong treatment. The cost of schizophrenia treatment consumes a significant amount of the health services' budget in western countries.Objective: The aim of the study was to find out about the costs related to schizophrenia across different european countries and compare them.Results: Schizophrenia treatment costs an estimated 18 billion euros annually worldwide. The direct costs associated with medical help are only part of the total expenditure. The indirect costs are an equally (or even more)important part of the total cost. These expenses are related to the lack of productivity of schizophrenic patients and the cost that relatives have to bear as a result of taking care of their affected relatives.Conclusions: Although data on the cost of schizophrenia may vary slightly between different european countries, the general conclusion that can be drawn is that schizophrenia is a very costly disorder. Not only because of direct costs related to medical procedures, but also due to the non-medical (indirect) costs. Together this suggests the need to investigate cost-efficient strategies that could provide a better outcome for schizophrenic patients, as well as the people who care for them.

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Development of a Software Prototype to Teach Students Landscape Estimation

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.528e ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 528E-528

Author(s):

Paul H. Henry ◽

Karen Midden ◽

Thomas Thibeault

Keyword(s):

Indirect Costs ◽

Direct Costs ◽

Classroom Setting ◽

Job Market ◽

College And University ◽

Interactive Nature ◽

Cost Efficient ◽

The Many ◽

Job Site

Development of this software was initiated after receipt of a USDA Higher Education Challenge Grant. The visually realistic software, which uses digital photography as a software base, will serve as an effective and cost-efficient means through which students in landscape horticulture programs can improve their skills in estimating job costs prior to entering the job market. The software will allow students, while in a classroom setting, to visualize a job site from various perspectives, determine the tasks (landscape installation/landscape maintenance) that must be accomplished, and calculate an estimate taking into account direct costs (materials, labor, equipment), indirect costs (overhead), and profit. The interactive nature of the software will allow students to compare their estimates with one of known accuracy generated simultaneously by the computer. Incorporation of this software into academic curricula should increase prospects of long-term success for the many students who plan to start their own landscape horticulture businesses soon after graduating from college and university programs.

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National Economic Burden Associated with Management of Periodontitis in Malaysia

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2016/1891074 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tuti Ningseh Mohd Dom ◽

Rasidah Ayob ◽

Khairiyah Abd Muttalib ◽

Syed Mohamed Aljunid

Keyword(s):

Societal Perspective ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Census Data ◽

Adult Population ◽

National Level ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Treatment Costs ◽

High Prevalence ◽

National Economic ◽

The Cost

Objectives. The aim of this study is to estimate the economic burden associated with the management of periodontitis in Malaysia from the societal perspective.Methods. We estimated the economic burden of periodontitis by combining the disease prevalence with its treatment costs. We estimated treatment costs (with 2012 value of Malaysian Ringgit) using the cost-of-illness approach and included both direct and indirect costs. We used the National Oral Health Survey for Adults (2010) data to estimate the prevalence of periodontitis and 2010 national census data to estimate the adult population at risk for periodontitis.Results. The economic burden of managing all cases of periodontitis at the national level from the societal perspective was approximately MYR 32.5 billion, accounting for 3.83% of the 2012 Gross Domestic Product of the country. It would cost the nation MYR 18.3 billion to treat patients with moderate periodontitis and MYR 13.7 billion to treat patients with severe periodontitis.Conclusion. The economic burden of periodontitis in Malaysia is substantial and comparable with that of other chronic diseases in the country. This is attributable to its high prevalence and high cost of treatment. Judicious application of promotive, preventive, and curative approaches to periodontitis management is decidedly warranted.

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Safety Behaviors and Speech Treatment for Adults Who Stutter

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-13-0041 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 1308-1313 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Fjola Dogg Helgadottir ◽

Ross G. Menzies ◽

Mark Onslow ◽

Ann Packman ◽

Sue O'Brian

Keyword(s):

Social Phobia ◽

Behavior Therapy ◽

Cognitive Behavior ◽

Safety Behaviors ◽

Safety Behavior ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Long Term Follow Up ◽

Adults Who Stutter

Purpose Those with anxiety use safety behaviors when attempting to prevent negative outcomes. There is evidence that these behaviors contribute to the persistence of anxiety disorders. Safety behaviors have been prominent in the cognitive behavior therapy literature during the last decade, particularly with social phobia management. However, nothing is known of safety behavior use by those who stutter. This is surprising given the high prevalence of social phobia in the stuttering population who seek clinical help. Method Clinical psychologists and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) created a list of safety behaviors that might be used by adults during treatment for stuttering. Participants were 160 SLPs who were asked whether they advised adults who stutter to use any of these safety behaviors. Results SLPs commonly recommend safety behaviors during stuttering management. Factor structures were found for the following 5 safety behavior categories: (a) general safety behaviors, (b) practice and rehearsal, (c) general avoidance, (d) choosing safe and easy people, and (e) control-related safety behaviors. Conclusions There is a need to determine the frequency with which adults who receive stuttering treatment follow these clinician recommendations. In addition, there is a need to experimentally determine whether following such recommendations prevents fear extinction at long-term follow-up.

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The cost of long-term follow-up of high-risk infants for research studies

Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health ◽

10.1111/jpc.12892 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 51 (10) ◽

pp. 1012-1016 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lex W Doyle ◽

Luisa Clucas ◽

Gehan Roberts ◽

Noni Davis ◽

Julianne Duff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Long Term Follow Up ◽

High Risk Infants ◽

The Cost ◽

Research Studies

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Impact of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) from the perspective of the Canadian beef producer

Animal Health Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s1466252309990119 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 109-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kee Jim

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Direct Costs ◽

Production Costs ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

Carcass Disposal ◽

The Cost

AbstractThe costs of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) to the beef producer can be estimated by identifying and summing the direct and indirect costs associated with the disease. The major direct costs are attributable to the cost of the feeder, production costs and carcass disposal. The indirect costs are mainly associated with infrastructure and labour.

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Normocalcaemic, vitamin D‐sufficient hyperparathyroidism – high prevalence and low morbidity in the general population: A long‐term follow‐up study, the WHO MONICA project, Gothenburg, Sweden

Clinical Endocrinology ◽

10.1111/cen.12819 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 277-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Georgios Kontogeorgos ◽

Penelope Trimpou ◽

Christine M. Laine ◽

Göran Oleröd ◽

Anders Lindahl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

General Population ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Long Term Follow Up ◽

Monica Project

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Cost-utility of brief psychological treatment for depression and anxiety

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.188.4.323 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 188 (4) ◽

pp. 323-329 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Leona Hakkaart-Van Roijen ◽

Annemieke Van Straten ◽

Maiwenn Al ◽

Frans Rutten ◽

Marianne Donker

Keyword(s):

Brief Therapy ◽

Psychological Treatment ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Direct Costs ◽

Cost Utility ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Life Years ◽

The Cost

BackgroundThe cost-utility of brief therapy compared with cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) and care as usual in the treatment of depression and anxiety has not yet been determined.AimsTo assess the cost-utility of brief therapy compared with CBT and care as usual.MethodA pragmatic randomised controlled trial involving 702 patients was conducted at 7 Dutch mental healthcare centres (MHCs). Patients were interviewed at baseline and then every 3 months over a period of 1.5 years, during which time data were collected on direct costs, indirect costs and quality of life.ResultsThe mean direct costs of treatment at the MHCs were significantly lower for brief therapy than for CBT and care as usual. However, after factoring in other healthcare costs and indirect costs, no significant differences between the treatment groups could be detected. We found no significant differences in quality-adjusted life-years between the groups.ConclusionsCost-utility did not differ significantly between the three treatment groups.

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