Modelling charge profiles of electric vehicles based on charges data

Background: The correct design of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructures is of fundamental importance to maximize the benefits for users and infrastructure managers. In addition, the analysis and management of recharges can help evaluate integration with auxiliary systems, such as renewable energy resources and storage systems. EV charging data analysis can highlight informative behaviours and patterns for charging infrastructure planning and management. Methods: We present the analysis of two datasets about the recorded energy and duration required to charge Electric Vehicles (EV) in the cities of Barcelona (Spain) and Turku (Finland). In particular, we investigated hourly, daily and seasonal patterns in charge duration and energy delivered. Simulated scenarios for the power request at charging stations (CSs) were obtained using statistical parameters of the Barcelona dataset and non-parametric distributions of the arrivals. Monte Carlo simulations were used to test different scenarios of users’ influx at the CSs, and determine the optimal size of an integrated renewable energy system (RES). Results: This study highlighted the difference between fast and slow charging users’ habits by analysing the occupancy at the charging stations. Aside from the charge duration, which was shorter for fast charges, distinct features emerged in the hourly distribution of the requests depending on whether slow or fast charges are considered. The distributions were different in the two analysed datasets. The investigation of CS power fluxes showed that results for the investment on a RES could substantially vary when considering synthetic input load profiles obtained with different approaches. The influence of incentives on the initial RES cost were investigated. Conclusions: The novelty of this work lies in testing the impact of different simulated profiles as input in the economic criterion of the net present value (NPV) for determining the size of a photovoltaic (PV) system installed at a charging infrastructure.

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A Tale of Two Entities

ACM Transactions on Internet of Things ◽

10.1145/3437258 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Hossam ElHussini ◽

Chadi Assi ◽

Bassam Moussa ◽

Ribal Atallah ◽

Ali Ghrayeb

Keyword(s):

Power Flow ◽

Power Grid ◽

Communication Protocols ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Public Data ◽

Simulation Based ◽

Charging Stations ◽

The Impact ◽

Ev Charging

With the growing market of Electric Vehicles (EV), the procurement of their charging infrastructure plays a crucial role in their adoption. Within the revolution of Internet of Things, the EV charging infrastructure is getting on board with the introduction of smart Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS), a myriad set of communication protocols, and different entities. We provide in this article an overview of this infrastructure detailing the participating entities and the communication protocols. Further, we contextualize the current deployment of EVCSs through the use of available public data. In the light of such a survey, we identify two key concerns, the lack of standardization and multiple points of failures, which renders the current deployment of EV charging infrastructure vulnerable to an array of different attacks. Moreover, we propose a novel attack scenario that exploits the unique characteristics of the EVCSs and their protocol (such as high power wattage and support for reverse power flow) to cause disturbances to the power grid. We investigate three different attack variations; sudden surge in power demand, sudden surge in power supply, and a switching attack. To support our claims, we showcase using a real-world example how an adversary can compromise an EVCS and create a traffic bottleneck by tampering with the charging schedules of EVs. Further, we perform a simulation-based study of the impact of our proposed attack variations on the WSCC 9 bus system. Our simulations show that an adversary can cause devastating effects on the power grid, which might result in blackout and cascading failure by comprising a small number of EVCSs.

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Controllability Evaluation of EV Charging Infrastructure Transformed from Gas Stations in Distribution Networks with Renewables

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12081577 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1577

Author(s):

Shuang Gao ◽

Jianzhong Wu ◽

Bin Xu

Keyword(s):

Power Distribution ◽

Queuing Theory ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Optimal Dispatch ◽

Gas Stations ◽

Charging Stations ◽

The Impact ◽

Ev Charging

A considerable market share of electric vehicles (EVs) is expected in the near future, which leads to a transformation from gas stations to EV charging infrastructure for automobiles. EV charging stations will be integrated with the power grid to replace the fuel consumption at the gas stations for the same mobile needs. In order to evaluate the impact on distribution networks and the controllability of the charging load, the temporal and spatial distribution of the charging power is calculated by establishing mapping the relation between gas stations and charging facilities. Firstly, the arrival and parking period is quantified by applying queuing theory and defining membership function between EVs to parking lots. Secondly, the operational model of charging stations connected to the power distribution network is formulated, and the control variables and their boundaries are identified. Thirdly, an optimal control algorithm is proposed, which combines the configuration of charging stations and charging power regulation during the parking period of each individual EV. A two-stage hybrid optimization algorithm is developed to solve the reliability constrained optimal dispatch problem for EVs, with an EV aggregator installed at each charging station. Simulation results validate the proposed method in evaluating the controllability of EV charging infrastructure and the synergy effects between EV and renewable integration.

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Feasibility Study of Renewable Energy Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

Security Solutions and Applied Cryptography in Smart Grid Communications - Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1829-7.ch016 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 313-349

Author(s):

Azhar Ul-Haq ◽

Marium Azhar

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Area Network ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Charging Station ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Vehicle Charging ◽

Charging Stations

This chapter presents a detailed study of renewable energy integrated charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs) and discusses its various aspects such as siting requirements, standards of charging stations, integration of renewable energy sources for powering up charging stations and interfacing devices between charging facilities and smart grid. A smart charging station for EVs is explained along with its essential components and different charging methodologies are explained. It has been recognized that the amalgamation of electric vehicles in the transportation sector will trigger power issues due to the mobility of vehicles beyond the stretch of home area network. In this regard an information and communication technology (ICT) based architecture may support EVs management with an aim to enhance the electric vehicle charging and energy storage capabilities with the relevant considerations. An ICT based solution is capable of monitoring the state of charge (SOC) of EV batteries, health and accessible amount of energy along with the mobility of EVs.

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Review of Renewable Energy-Based Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11093847 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 3847

Author(s):

Gamal Alkawsi ◽

Yahia Baashar ◽

Dallatu Abbas U ◽

Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani ◽

Sieh Kiong Tiong

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Charging Station ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

The World ◽

Electricity Grids ◽

Charging Stations

With the rise in the demand for electric vehicles, the need for a reliable charging infrastructure increases to accommodate the rapid public adoption of this type of transportation. Simultaneously, local electricity grids are being under pressure and require support from naturally abundant and inexpensive alternative energy sources such as wind and solar. This is why the world has recently witnessed the emergence of renewable energy-based charging stations that have received great acclaim. In this paper, we review studies related to this type of alternative energy charging infrastructure. We provide comprehensive research covering essential aspects in this field, including resources, potentiality, planning, control, and pricing. The study also includes studying and clarifying challenges facing this type of electric charging station and proposing suitable solutions for those challenges. The paper aims to provide the reader with an overview of charging electric vehicles through renewable energy and establishing the ground for further research in this vital field.

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Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Wind-Solar Power Systems to Suppress Output Fluctuation

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14175377 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (17) ◽

pp. 5377

Author(s):

Abdullah Al-Shereiqi ◽

Amer Al-Hinai ◽

Mohammed Albadi ◽

Rashid Al-Abri

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Power Systems ◽

Wind Power ◽

Iterative Algorithm ◽

Wind Farm ◽

Energy Resources ◽

Weather Data ◽

Optimal Size ◽

Renewable Energy Resources ◽

The Impact

Harnessing wind energy is one of the fastest-growing areas in the energy industry. However, wind power still faces challenges, such as output intermittency due to its nature and output reduction as a result of the wake effect. Moreover, the current practice uses the available renewable energy resources as a fuel-saver simply to reduce fossil-fuel consumption. This is related mainly to the inherently variable and non-dispatchable nature of renewable energy resources, which poses a threat to power system reliability and requires utilities to maintain power-balancing reserves to match the supply from renewable energy resources with the real-time demand levels. Thus, further efforts are needed to mitigate the risk that comes with integrating renewable resources into the electricity grid. Hence, an integrated strategy is being created to determine the optimal size of the hybrid wind-solar photovoltaic power systems (HWSPS) using heuristic optimization with a numerical iterative algorithm such that the output fluctuation is minimized. The research focuses on sizing the HWSPS to reduce the impact of renewable energy resource intermittency and generate the maximum output power to the grid at a constant level periodically based on the availability of the renewable energy resources. The process of determining HWSPS capacity is divided into two major steps. A genetic algorithm is used in the initial stage to identify the optimum wind farm. A numerical iterative algorithm is used in the second stage to determine the optimal combination of photovoltaic plant and battery sizes in the search space, based on the reference wind power generated by the moving average, Savitzky–Golay, Gaussian and locally weighted linear regression techniques. The proposed approach has been tested on an existing wind power project site in the southern part of the Sultanate of Oman using a real weather data. The considered land area dimensions are 2 × 2 km. The integrated tool resulted in 39 MW of wind farm, 5.305 MW of PV system, and 0.5219 MWh of BESS. Accordingly, the estimated cost of energy based on the HWSPS is 0.0165 EUR/kWh.

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Feasibility Study of Renewable Energy Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

Sustainable Infrastructure ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-0948-7.ch007 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 158-194

Author(s):

Azhar Ul-Haq ◽

Marium Azhar

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Area Network ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Charging Station ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Vehicle Charging ◽

Charging Stations

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Optimal Electric Vehicle Charging Control Strategy Powered by Grid-Linked Hybrid PV-Wind-Battery Renewable Energy System

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology - Regular Issue ◽

10.35940/ijeat.f1475.089620 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 414-422

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Optimization Algorithm ◽

Photovoltaic System ◽

Network Activity ◽

Renewable Energy Resources ◽

Swarm Optimization ◽

Battery Energy ◽

Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization ◽

Ev Charging

An advanced model is proposed for grid connectivity of an interconnected network consisting of a charging station for electric automobiles. To automate the discharge procedure of charging/ the battery energy storing system, a wind network, the photovoltaic system, and the battery energy storing system is developed to efficiently increase the consumption degree of solar and wind energy sources and create renewable inner-city capacity. On the basis of DC bus architecture, the power design was planned such that buffered storage systems and renewable energy resources can be incorporated. The proposed optimal control algorithm uses the Swarm Optimization Algorithm consists of Multi-Objective Particle, developed for electric vehicles charging or discharge behaviors to minimize the overall actual energy loss and increase the integration of EVs with power networks due to the efficiency and economy of network activity, taking into account the economic issue and the satisfaction of consumers, the voltage limits and the parking availability pattern. To test the proposed EV charging strategy, simulation studies based on efficiency, and assessed major energy fluxes within the device. Energy management approaches have also been developed to optimize the power requirements and charging times of various electric vehicles. Results suggest that proposed model will substantially reduce the power grid’s operational costs while meeting the charging criteria of the customer. Improved performance on global search capabilities is also checked, as is the desired outcome of enhanced particle swarm optimization algorithm. The findings show that the new approach is in a position to prepare EV charging times optimally, taking into account electronic knowledge and uncertainty.

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Assessment of the Use of Renewable Energy Sources for the Charging Infrastructure of Electric Vehicles

Emerging Science Journal ◽

10.28991/esj-2020-01251 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 539-550

Author(s):

A. D. Gorbunova ◽

I. A. Anisimov

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Energy Supply ◽

Power Grid ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Smart Charging ◽

Charging Stations ◽

The City

Application of renewable energy sources is a relevant area of energy supply for urban infrastructure. In 2019, the share of energy produced by such sources reached 11% (for solar energy) and 22% (for wind energy) of the total energy produced during the year. However, these systems require an improvement in their efficiency that can be achieved by introducing electric vehicles. They can accumulate, store and transfer surplus energy to the city’s power grid. A solution to this problem is a smart charging infrastructure. The existing studies in the field of charging infrastructure organization for electric vehicles consider only models locating charging stations in the city or the calculation of their required number. These calculations are based on socio-economic factors and images of a potential owner of an electric vehicle. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a methodology for determining the location of charging stations and their required number. The calculation will include the operating features of the existing charging infrastructure, which has not been done before. Thus, the purpose of this article is to research the operation of the existing charging infrastructure. This will provide an opportunity to develop approaches to the energy supply of charging infrastructure and city’s power grid from renewable energy sources. The article presents an analysis of data on the number of charging sessions during the year, month and day. This data enable us to construct curves of the charging session number and suggest ways to conduct the next stages of this study. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2020-01251 Full Text: PDF

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Distribution System Operation with Electric Vehicle Charging Schedules and Renewable Energy Resources

Energies ◽

10.3390/en11113117 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 3117 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Gerardo Osório ◽

Miadreza Shafie-khah ◽

Pedro Coimbra ◽

Mohamed Lotfi ◽

João Catalão

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Distributed Storage ◽

Critical Role ◽

Energy Resources ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Renewable Energy Resources ◽

Load Profile ◽

The Impact ◽

Ev Charging

Electric vehicles (EVs) promote many advantages for distribution systems such as increasing efficiency and reliability, decreasing dependence on non-endogenous resources, and reducing pollutant emissions. Due to increased proliferation of EVs and their integration in power systems, management and operation of distribution systems (ODS) is becoming more important. Recent studies have shown that EV can increase power grid flexibility since EV owners do not use them for 93–96% of the daytime. Therefore, it is important to exploit parking time, during which EVs can act either as a load or distributed storage device, to maximize the benefit for the power system. Following a survey of the current state-of-the-art, this work studies the impact of EV charging on the load profile. Since renewable energy resources (RES) play a critical role in future distribution systems the current case study considered the presence of RES and their stochastic nature has been modeled. The study proceeds with analyzing EV owners’ driving habits, enabling prediction of the network load profile. The impact of: EV charging modes (i.e., controlled and uncontrolled charging), magnitude of wind and photovoltaic (PV) generation, number of EVs (penetration), and driving patterns on the ODS is analyzed.

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Impact of Smart Charging for Consumers in a Real World Pilot

World Electric Vehicle Journal ◽

10.3390/wevj11010021 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pieter C. Bons ◽

Aymeric Buatois ◽

Guido Ligthart ◽

Frank Geerts ◽

Nanda Piersma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Real World ◽

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽

Electricity Grid ◽

Smart Charging ◽

Maximum Current ◽

Charging Stations ◽

New Generation ◽

The Impact ◽

Ev Charging

A smart charging profile was implemented on 39 public charging stations in Amsterdam on which the current level available for electric vehicle (EV) charging was limited during peak hours on the electricity grid (07:00–08:30 and 17:00–20:00) and was increased during the rest of the day. The impact of this profile was measured on three indicators: average charging power, amount of transferred energy and share of positively and negatively affected sessions. The results are distinguished for different categories of electric vehicles with different charging characteristics (number of phases and maximum current). The results depend heavily on this categorisation and are a realistic measurement of the impact of smart charging under real world conditions. The average charging power increased as a result of the new profile and a reduction in the amount of transferred energy was detected during the evening hours, causing outstanding demand which was solved at an accelerated rate after limitations were lifted. For the whole population, 4% of the sessions were positively affected (charged a larger volume of energy) and 5% were negatively affected. These numbers are dominated by the large share of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in Amsterdam which are technically not able to profit from the higher current levels. For new generation electric vehicles, 14% of the sessions were positively affected and the percentage of negatively affected sessions was 5%.

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