scholarly journals The figure of the impostor to the throne in Russian political culture: Between sacralization and mimesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 284-301
Author(s):  
Ilya Kalinin
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Mimetic Desire ◽  
Social Reaction ◽  
Time Of Troubles

Proceeding from materials relating to the “Time of Troubles”, this article examines the phenomenon of imposture (samozvanchestvo) as one of the symbols of Russian political history from the early 17th to the mid-19th century. The duration of the “impostor epidemic” coincides exactly with that of serfdom, and imposture itself can be described as a social reaction to a form of authority founded on total personal dependence. The article aims to develop further Boris Uspenskij’s argument that reveals in sacralization of the Tsar’s power in medieval Russia the main reason of imposture. René Girard’s conception of mimetic desire serves as the theoretical perspective for such a development.

scholarly journals The Politics of Gift Exchange in Early Qajar Iran, 1785–1834

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 550-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assef Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Political History ◽  
Gift Exchange ◽  
The Political ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Center Periphery

AbstractThis article uses gift-giving practices in early nineteenth-century Iran as a window onto statecraft, governance, and center-periphery relations in the early Qajar state (1785–1925). It first demonstrates that gifts have a long history in the administrative and political history of Iran, the Persianate world, and broader Eurasia, before highlighting specific features found in Iran. The article argues that the pīshkish, a tributary gift-giving ceremony, constituted a central role in the political culture and economy of Qajar Iran, and was part of the process of presenting Qajar rule as a continuation of previous Iranian royal dynasties. Nevertheless, pīshkish ceremonies also illustrated the challenges Qajar rulers faced in exerting power in the provinces and winning the loyalty of provincial elites. Qajar statesmen viewed gifts and bribes, at least at a discursive level, in different terms, with the former clearly understood as an acceptable practice. Gifts and honors, like the khil‘at, presented to society were part of Qajar rulers' strategy of presenting themselves as just and legitimate. Finally, the article considers the use of gifts to influence diplomacy and ease relations between Iranians and foreign envoys, as well as the ways in which an inadequate gift could cause offense.

SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C. CHRONOLOGY AND THE ‘GREAT SETTLEMENT SHANG’ (14TH–11TH CENTURIES B.C.): INTRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
Marina Е. Kuznetsova-Fetisova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Political History ◽  
Henan Province ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
First Time ◽  
Political Figure ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

Second half of the II millennium B.C. can be considered as the time when the first writing system appeared in East Asia in the form of oracle bone inscriptions jiagu wen (甲骨文). For the first time those inscriptions sparked academic interest and received recognition at the end of 19th century, though their place of origin remained a mystery for some time. At the end of the 1920s Archaeological department of Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica initiated archaeological excavations near modern city of Anyang, Henan province, PRC, because it was implied that the oracle bones with inscriptions had originated there. Archaeological excavations reveled a great ancient center in Anyang, including a cult center, workshops, and cemeteries including royal necropolis. Due to the fact that names of rulers, known from the transmitted texts, were often mentioned in those inscriptions, it was possible to identify the site as the last capital of Shang-Yin dynasty, so-called ‘Great Settlement Shang’ (14th–11th centuries B.C.). All these make the complex rather unique for its time, as it gives us a chance to connect pre-historical and historical data. Researchers managed to determine two relative chronologies (based on archaeological and epigraphic sources) and later to interconnect them and relate to the events mentioned in transmitted texts on early political history. Still, there is a number of problems in correlating those relative chronologies with absolute dates. Up to now the greatest project to coordinate chronology of the II millennium B.C. has been the project “Chronology of the Three Dynasties: Xia–Shang–Zhou” in 1996–2000, initiated by the Chinese political figure Song Jiang. Regardless of some international criticism of the projects’ results, a great number of scholars make use of them in their studies.

Advice, Advisers, and Courtiers Decision Making and Advice in the Royal Book of the Illustrated Chronicle Compilation

2020 ◽  
pp. 259-298
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Legal System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Legal Procedure ◽  
Time Of Troubles ◽  
Judicial Procedure ◽  
Crucial Ingredient

This chapter investigates the problem of advice and advisers in the political culture of Muscovy, which was found to be vitally important to the various authors of the tales about the Time of Troubles. It shows that consultation with advisers, together with other legitimizing factors, was a crucial ingredient in the Illustrated Chronicle Compilation (ICC) when depicting proper judicial procedure prior to punishment. It also discusses ICC artists that were careful to represent the legitimating features of legal procedure, which were notably absent in cases of violence processed outside the official legal system. The chapter focuses on the imagery in the ICC that depict crucial moments in the succession from Vasilii III to Ivan IV. It confirms whether the pattern of presenting the monarch together with its advisers holds true for the ICC.

Iranian Millenarianism and Demorcratic Thought in the 19th Century

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan R. I. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
English Revolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Constitutional Revolution ◽  
The Revolution

Between 1905 and 1911, Iranians were engaged in a protracted struggle over whether a constitutionalist regime would replace royal absolutism.1 Little in Iran's political culture before 1905 had hinted at this conflict before it broke out, and for the past thirty years historians have been seeking this genealogy for it. Most have searched among the papers of officials and diplomats, often examining unpublished or posthumously published manuscripts with little or no contemporary circulation, at least before the revolution,2 but we might get closer to its context if we look at what was going on outside the governmental elite. Here I will explore the growth of belief in representative government within an Iranian millenarian movement, the Bahai faith, in the last third of the 19th century, as an example of how the new ideas circulated that led to the conflict.3 Historians have noted a link between millenarianism and democratic or populist thought elsewhere, after all; for instance they have long recognized the importance of chiliastic ideas in e English Revolution of the 17th century. The republicanism of American dissidents and revolutionaries was also sometimes tinged with a civil millennialism. The Bahais of Iran, too, combined democratic rhetoric with millenarian imagery in the generation before the Constitutional Revolution.4

Korea and TWAIL: Does She Fit into the Picture?

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pae Keun Park
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Japan And China

Abstract The historical experiences of Korea around the 19th century do not seem to fit well into the theoretical perspective of TWAIL. It was not Europeans who colonized Korea. Cultural differences cannot explain the Korean experience of exclusion and marginalization as they were brought about by Japan and China who belong to the same cultural sphere as Korea. The cause of imperialism and colonialism may not be confined only to cultural differences. It is not only Europeans who were imperialist and colonialist. Even though it is an undeniable fact that imperialism and colonialism were largely exerted by Westerners, imperialism and colonialism are not solely racial problems. These facts, together with many other facts about Korea, suggest the necessity of a revision of some of the assertions of TWAIL.

scholarly journals Oksidentalisme ; Membuka Kedok Imperalisme Barat

At-Tuhfah ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yogi prana Izza
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
Western World ◽  
Dutch Politics ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
The 19Th Century

Occidentalism is the opposite of orientalism. If Orientalism serves as a theory of knowledge that is used to study the eastern world (Islam), then the reverse is occidentalism is used to study the Western world. One of the initiators of Occidentalism figure is Hasan Hanafi. Through his Occidentalism theory, this paper seeks to unmask imperialism Dutch politics in Java in the 19th century and the beginning of 20. The result is a political culture that is used Dutch ancient times, same the patterns with contemporary politics in the present era. Thus, it is time, the reality of contemporary addressed wisely. As the purpose of Occidentalism’s Hassan Hanafi is to awaken people to the project called "atturast wa at-tajdid" (Heritage Civilization and Renewal) and the reality of the present (al-waqi ') can be addressed wisely by doing the reconstruction of the heritage of ancient civilizations (at-turast al-Qodim), as well as the position of al-ana confirmation before Western culture (al-Akhar)

scholarly journals Pre-Emptive Decline

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-176
Author(s):  
Robert Denemark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Political Responses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Contemporary United States

Why do hegemonic powers appear to have so few viable policy levers with which to cope with their fears of decline, and often adopt policies that are least well-suited, if not antithetical to the task? In this work I suggest that status threat generates a set of typical and quite maladaptive responses at both the individual/organizational level, and in the context of popular political culture, that exacerbate decline. This phenomenon, “pre-emptive decline,” is evident in both elite-driven policy and mass political responses and is reviewed here in maladaptive courses of action adopted in 19th century Britain, and in the contemporary United States.

Why the “True” Philosophy of Valisiy Rozanov Is So Consanguineal for Me

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 237-261
Author(s):  
Alexander Tsipko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
World Mission

The author of the article analyzes the key directions of Russian philosophic thought starting with the end of the 19th century, as well as the course of Russian political history in the 19th century, and using his fist-hand experience gives his own interpretation of the phenomena of Russian nihilism, Russian socialism and Russian messianism. In particular the author discusses the ascetic Orthodoxy idea of “rich people being worse than poor”, that during long periods united the narratives of various, and very often oppositional to each other, directions of the Russian thought, as well as the purposes of intelligentsia on the whole. That attitude to “richness” according to the author was based on the long-standing tradition of the mobid attitude to asceticism, and he develops Rozanov’s idea that there is no proof of the postulate that a suffering proletarian is closer to spiritual perfection than a so-called “exploiter”. At the bottom of Russian nihilism was the total denial of life, that later led the attitude to any individual as just means in the revolutionary doctrine and in post-revolutionary political practices. On the contrary, the acknowledgement of the world intrinsic value can serve as philosophical prerequisite of the opposition to the interpreting of an individual as “just means”. V.V. Rozanov supported that idea of intrinsic value connecting the divine with the living in his “philosophy of the mundane”, thus defending the right of any Russian man to the joys of commonness. On the basis of that position the author of the article discredits the Russian messianism that was understood as socialist world mission by some thinkers at the beginning of the 20th century. According to the author the paradox lies in the fact that Russian messianism was generated in reality not by the love to Russia, but by the lack of national feelings, he also states that all these problems are still relevant in contemporary Russia.

Polish Political Culture in the 19th Century

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Stejan Kieniewicz ◽  
Aleksandra Rodzińska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century
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