scholarly journals Direct quantitative evaluation of disease symptoms on living plant leaves growing under natural light

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoko M. Matsunaga ◽  
Daisuke Ogawa ◽  
Fumio Taguchi-Shiobara ◽  
Masao Ishimoto ◽  
Sachihiro Matsunaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Natural Light ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Disease Symptoms

The current state of mycotoxin biomarker development in humans and animals and the potential for application to plant systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Baldwin ◽  
R. Riley ◽  
N. Zitomer ◽  
K. Voss ◽  
R. Coulombe Jr. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Livestock Feeds ◽  
Commercially Important

Filamentous fungi that contaminate livestock feeds and human food supply often produce toxigenic secondary metabolites known as mycotoxins. Among the hundreds of known mycotoxins, aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone are considered the most commercially important. Intense research on these mycotoxins, especially aflatoxin, has resulted in the development of 'biomarkers' used to link exposure to disease risk. In the case of aflatoxin this effort has led to the discovery of both exposure and mechanism-based biomarkers, which have proven essential for understanding aflatoxin's potential for causing disease in humans, including subtle effects on growth and immune response. Fumonisin biomarkers have also been used extensively in farm and laboratory animals to study the fumonisin-induced disruption of cellular and systemic physiology which leads to disease. This review summarises the status of mycotoxin biomarker development in humans and animals for the commercially important mycotoxins. Since the fungi responsible for the production of these mycotoxins are often endophytes that infect and colonise living plant tissues, accumulation of mycotoxins in the plant tissues may at times be associated with development of plant disease symptoms. The presence of mycotoxins, even in the absence of disease symptoms, may still have subtle biological effects on the physiology of plants. This review examines the question of whether or not the knowledge gained from mechanistic studies and development of biomarkers in animal and human systems is transferable to the study of mycotoxin effects on plant systems. Thus far, fumonisin has proven amenable to development of mechanism-based biomarkers to study maize seedling disease caused by the fumonisin producer, Fusarium verticillioides. Expanding our knowledge of mechanisms of toxicity and the overt and subtle effects on animal, human, and plant systems through the identification and validation of biomarkers will further our ability to monitor and limit the damage and economic impact of mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Effect of phytohormone and seed density toward growth, disease and bulb yield of True Shallot Seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 306 ◽  
pp. 01037
Author(s):  
Neni Gunaeni ◽  
Rini Rosliani ◽  
Asih K. Karyadi ◽  
Redy Gaswanto
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Seed Density ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
True Seed ◽  
Alternaria Porri ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Bulb Yield

Shallot can be propagated generatively in the form True Seed of Shallot (TSS). The research purpose was to study phytohormone and sown seed density's effect on growth, disease, and bulbs yield. The research was conducted at Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute (1,250 m asl), Lembang-West Java, from August 2017 until April 2018. The research used a factorial randomized completely block design with two factors repeated three times. The first factor was kind of phytohormone (A1 = BAP, A2 = NAA, A3 = GA3, A4 = control) and the second factor was the sown seed density (B1 = 5 g/m2, B2 = 7 g/m2, B3 = 9 g/m2). The result showed that: Phytohormone application did not affect germination and growth of TSS, living plant number, and bulb yield. The best-sown seed density to plant growth was 7 g seeds/m2. Elisa’s test result did not detect the viruses as seed-borne diseases such as SYSV, OYDV, or LYSV. The intensity of disease symptoms Alternaria porri (11%), Stemphylium vesicatorium, Colletotrichum gleosporiodes, and Peronospora destructor each (12%). In general, the most bulb yield was informed single cloves.

Addition of fungal diseases of forest plants from Jalna (MS) India

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Navalsingh J. Todawat
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Diseased Plant ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Colletotrichum Capsici ◽  
Forest Plants

A survey was carried out in the region of tehsil Badnapur, Jalna to investigate the incidence of fungal disease of plants. Field survey was carried out. Diseased plant leaves were identified using disease symptoms. During the survey, 9 plants were found infected by 6 fungal pathogens causing the disease, viz Cercospora achyranthes, C. balansae, C. gloriosae, C. jamaicensis, Colletotrichum capsici, Marssonina poonensis, Pestalotiopsis carbonacea, Phyllachora euphorbiae and Phyllostictacle rodendri.

scholarly journals Characterization and Water Content Estimation Method of Living Plant Leaves Using Terahertz Waves

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 2781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Zahid ◽  
Hasan T. Abbas ◽  
Muhammad A. Imran ◽  
Khalid A. Qaraqe ◽  
Akram Alomainy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Terahertz Waves ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Dry Out ◽  
Important Marker

An increasing global aridification due to climate change has made the health monitoring of vegetation indispensable to maintaining the food supply chain. Cost-effective and smart irrigation systems are required not only to ensure the efficient distribution of water, but also to track the moisture of plant leaves, which is an important marker of the overall health of the plant. This paper presents a novel electromagnetic method to monitor the water content (WC) and characterisation in plant leaves using the absorption spectra of water molecules in the terahertz (THz) frequency for four consecutive days. We extracted the material properties of leaves of eight types of pot herbs from the scattering parameters, measured using a material characterisation kit in the frequency range of 0.75 to 1.1 THz. From the computed permittivity, it is deduced that the leaf specimens increasingly become transparent to the THz waves as they dry out with the passage of days. Moreover, the loss in weight and thickness of leaves were observed due to the natural evaporation of leaf moisture cells and change occurred in the morphology of fresh and water-stressed leaves. It is also illustrated that loss observed in WC on day 1 was in the range of 5% to 22%, and increased from 83.12% to 99.33% on day 4. Furthermore, we observed an exponential decaying trend in the peaks of the real part of the permittivity from day 1 to 4, which was reminiscent of the trend observed in the weight of all leaves. Thus, results in paper demonstrated that timely detection of water stress in leaves can help to take proactive action in relation to plants health monitoring, and for precision agriculture applications, which is of high importance to improve the overall productivity.

scholarly journals Dyella-Like Bacterium Isolated from an Insect as a Potential Biocontrol Agent Against Grapevine Yellows

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilach Iasur-Kruh ◽  
Tirtza Zahavi ◽  
Roni Barkai ◽  
Shiri Freilich ◽  
Einat Zchori-Fein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Grapevine Yellows ◽  
Potential Biocontrol Agent

Yellows diseases, caused by phytopathogenic bacteria of the genus Phytoplasma, are a major threat to grapevines worldwide. Because conventional applications against this pathogen are inefficient and disease management is highly challenging, the use of beneficial bacteria has been suggested as a biocontrol solution. A Dyella-like bacterium (DLB), isolated from the Israeli insect vector of grapevine yellows (Hyalesthes obsoletus), was suggested to be an endophyte. To test this hypothesis, the bacterium was introduced by spraying the plant leaves, and it had no apparent phytotoxicity to grapevine. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis showed that DLB is colonizing grapevine phloem. Because phytoplasmas inhabit the same niche, DLB interactions with this phytopathogen were examined. When the isolate was introduced to phytoplasma-infected Chardonnay plantlets, morphological disease symptoms were markedly reduced. The mode of DLB action was then tested using bioinformatics and system biology tools. DLB genome analysis suggested that the ability to reduce phytoplasma symptoms is related to inhibition of the pathogenic bacterium. These results provide the first step in examining the potential of DLB as a biological control agent against phytoplasmas in grapevine and, possibly, other agricultural crops.

scholarly journals Characterization and Water Content Estimation Method of Living Plant Leaves Using Terahertz Waves

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Zahid ◽  
Hasan T. Abbas ◽  
Muhammad A. Imran ◽  
Khalid A. Qaraqe ◽  
Akram Alomainy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Terahertz Waves ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Dry Out ◽  
Important Marker

An increasing global aridification due to climate change has made the health monitoring of vegetation indispensable to maintaining the food supply chain. Cost-effective and smart irrigation systems are required not only to ensure the efficient distribution of water, but also to track the moisture of plant leaves, which is an important marker of the overall health of the plant. This paper presents a novel electromagnetic method to monitor the water content (WC) and characterization in plant leaves utilizing the absorption spectra of water molecules in the terahertz (THz) frequency for four consecutive days. We extracted the material properties of leaves of eight types of pot herbs from the scattering parameters, measured using a material characterization kit in the frequency range of 0.75 to 1.1 THz. From the computed permittivity, it is deduced that the leaf specimens increasingly become transparent to the THz waves as they dry out with the passage of days. Moreover, the loss in weight and thickness of leaves were observed due to the natural evaporation of leaf moisture cells and change occurred in the morphology of fresh and water-stressed leaves. It is also illustrated that loss observed in WC on day 1 was in the range of 5\% to 22\%, and increased from 83.12\% to 99.33\% on day 4. Furthermore, we observed an exponential decaying trend in the peaks of the real part of the permittivity from day 1 to 4, which was reminiscent of the trend observed in the weight of all leaves. Thus, results in paper demonstrated that timely detection of water stress in leaves can help to take proactive action in relation to plants health monitoring, and for precision agriculture applications, which is of high importance to improve the overall productivity.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Phytophthora isolates originating from several woody hosts in Bulgaria and Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
Aneta B. Lyubenova ◽  
Justyna A. Nowakowska ◽  
Katarzyna Sikora ◽  
Kaloyan Kostov ◽  
Małgorzata Borys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Beech ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Turkey Oak ◽  
English Oak

Abstract Our aim was to examine the virulence of eight Phytophthora isolates belonging to three species (Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora plurivora and Phytophthora quercina) obtained from diverse European ecosystems (in Bulgaria, Poland and Germany) towards three forest tree hosts – English oak (Quercus robur L.), Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). All plants grown from seeds in a greenhouse conditions were artificially inoculated under the stem bark with Phytophthora cultures. The tested isolates turned to be more aggressive to Turkey oaks than to English oak trees. In case of European beech, the isolates of P. cryptogea and P. plurivora exposed various virulence. The potential hazard of the introduced foreign isolates for the oak and beech forests in Poland and Bulgaria is discussed. Amongst the tested isolates, P. quercina P290 from German highly infected Bulgarian Turkey oaks; therefore, its negative potential impact on Bulgarian oak forests could be considered as high (if unintentionally introduced). Also, two Bulgarian isolates belonging to P. cryptogea and P. plurivora are risky for Polish beech forests, if exposed to the pathogen. The observed pathogenicity of the tested Phytophthora species proved their potential as important contributors to decline of valuable forest ecosystems dominated by oaks (Q. robur and Q. cerris) or beech (F. sylvatica), in both Poland and Bulgaria. We found that investigated Phytophthora pathogens could develop in the living plant stem tissues without causing any disease symptoms, which is another demonstration that phytosanitary control by simple observation of plant material is not effective.

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