scholarly journals Pulverizing the Monopoly of Mind: Three Roles of the Body in Cognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Akhil Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Computational Process ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
The Doors

For many decades, cognition has been viewed as a computational process in the brain. For cognition, the brain, body and the interaction with the environment are important. Conventional views are inclined towards the existence of discrete and internal representations realised by highly specific mechanisms in the brain. The Embodied approach challenges this view and accepts the evolution of cognitive abilities.  There is a shift in focus from the belief that the brain is solely responsible for cognition to the thought that the body is somehow deeply integrated into cognition. However, it does not deny the central position of the brain in the process of cognition but opens the doors for other factors for integration. At the basic level, there are three ways in which an agent’s body can be utilised for the cognitive process. An agent’s body may help to generate, operate and distribute the cognitive processes. As a result, this approach tries to diminish the monopoly of the brain by taking into account the importance of the body and the environment for cognition.

Morphometry in schizophrenia revisited: height and its relationship to pre-morbid function

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. NOPOULOS ◽  
M. FLAUM ◽  
S. ARNDT ◽  
N. ANDREASEN
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Lower Quartile ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Background. Morphometry, the measurement of forms, is an ancient practice. In particular, schizophrenic somatology was popular early in this century, but has been essentially absent from the literature for over 30 years. More recently, evidence has grown to support the notion that aberrant neurodevelopment may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Is the body, like the brain, affected by abnormal development in these patients?Methods. To evaluate global deficit in development and its relationship to pre-morbid function, height was compared in a large group (N=226) of male schizophrenics and a group of healthy male controls (N=142) equivalent in parental socio-economic status. Patients in the lower quartile of height were compared to those in the upper quartile of height.Results. The patient group had a mean height of 177·1 cm, which was significantly shorter than the mean height of the control group of 179·4 (P<0·003). Those in the lower quartile had significantly poorer pre-morbid function as measured by: (1) psychosocial adjustment using the pre-morbid adjustment scales for childhood and adolescence/young adulthood, and (2) cognitive function using measures of school performance such as grades and need for special education. In addition, these measures of pre-morbid function correlated significantly with height when analysed using the entire sample.Conclusions. These findings provide further support to the idea that abnormal development may play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, this is manifested as a global deficit in growth and function resulting in smaller stature, poorer social skills, and deficits in cognitive abilities.

scholarly journals Measuring the brain-gut axis in Psychological Sciences: a necessary challenge

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismael Palacios-Garcia ◽  
Francisco J. Parada
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
The Body ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
4E Cognition ◽  
The Brain

Cognitive process and associated states such as wellbeing are embodied, in a process of phylogenetic and ontogenic interdependencies, encompassing an organism’s both internal and external environments. Diurnal mammals’ physiology has been enslaved by the day/night cycle, imposed to planet Earth from the cosmos. Mammals’ physiology is furthermore entangled to the micro-dynamics of small organisms, imposed onto the body through the development of a symbiotic relationship unfolding throughout ontogeny and phylogeny. Therefore, adequate scientific study of human behavior will include as many levels as possible: socio-cultural, psychological, microbiological, etc. The brain-gut-microbiota topic represents a fascinating opportunity to expand our knowledge about cognition, mental health, and life in general. It is important to frame this research topic from multiple perspectives including biological/medical sciences, public policy, architecture, urbanism, and psychology. Furthermore, recent philosophical and epistemological advances, under the 4E-cognition framework, will help the integration of evidence, providing new insights and novel hypotheses.

scholarly journals The prefrontal areas and cerebral hemispheres of the neotropical Cebus apella and their correlations with cognitive processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kellen Christina Malheiros Borges ◽  
Jussara Rocha Ferreira ◽  
Leonardo Ferreira Caixeta
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Cebus Apella ◽  
Alcoholic Solution ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Neotropical Primates ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The organization of the prefrontal cortex can hold important clues to understanding its functioning. The Cebus apella present cerebral particularities and behavioral and cognitive flexibility, possessing abilities that demonstrate an overlap with those of big primates. Objectives: To provide evidence of correlations between anatomical particularities of the brain areas analyzed and some cognitive abilities previously described in these simians. Methods: The relative size of the cerebral hemispheres and prefrontal areas (PFA) were measured using a Universal caliper, in 24 hemispheres of C. apella fixed with 10% formaldehyde and kept in 70% alcoholic solution. Results: Data gathered allowed the calculation of the approximate volume (cm3) of the areas under study: right antimere 35.2 cm3 (±5.3), left antimere 31.3 cm3 (±5.4) and of the left PFA 6.0 cm3 (±1.5) and right PFA 6.9 cm3 (±1.7). Conclusions: We concluded that the PFA represents about 20% of the cerebral volume of this primate. No significant differences were found in the antimeres in terms of volume and area of the hemispheres and likewise for the PFA. These animals have a proportionally bigger brain than that of other neotropical primates in the literature. This allows us to infer that the frontal lobe of C. apella is also larger; possibly related to its maturity and developed cognitive functions indicative of the culture transfers characteristic of this species.

The Cognitive Process of Comprehension

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingxu Wang ◽  
Davrondzhon Gafurov
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Process Algebra ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Abstract Thought ◽  
Comprehension Process ◽  
The Brain

Comprehension is an ability to understand the meaning of a concept or an action. Comprehension is an important intelligent power of abstract thought and reasoning of humans or intelligent systems. It is highly curious to explore the internal process of comprehension in the brain and to explain its basic mechanisms in cognitive informatics and computational intelligence. This paper presents a formal model of the cognitive process of comprehension. The mechanism and process of comprehension are systematically explained with its conceptual, mathematical, and process models based on the Layered Reference Model of the Brain (LRMB) and the Object-Attribute-Relation (OAR) model for internal knowledge representation. Contemporary denotational mathematics such as concept algebra and Real-Time Process Algebra (RTPA) are adopted in order to formally describe the comprehension process and its interaction with other cognitive processes of the brain.

scholarly journals Intuitive Cognition-Based Method for Generating Speech Using Hand Gestures

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5291
Author(s):  
Eldad Holdengreber ◽  
Roi Yozevitch ◽  
Vitali Khavkin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Depth Camera ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Speech Interface ◽  
Vocal Speech ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Basic Level

Muteness at its various levels is a common disability. Most of the technological solutions to the problem creates vocal speech through the transition from mute languages to vocal acoustic sounds. We present a new approach for creating speech: a technology that does not require prior knowledge of sign language. This technology is based on the most basic level of speech according to the phonetic division into vowels and consonants. The speech itself is expected to be expressed through sensing of the hand movements, as the movements are divided into three rotations: yaw, pitch, and roll. The proposed algorithm converts these rotations through programming to vowels and consonants. For the hand movement sensing, we used a depth camera and standard speakers in order to produce the sounds. The combination of the programmed depth camera and the speakers, together with the cognitive activity of the brain, is integrated into a unique speech interface. Using this interface, the user can develop speech through an intuitive cognitive process in accordance with the ongoing brain activity, similar to the natural use of the vocal cords. Based on the performance of the presented speech interface prototype, it is substantiated that the proposed device could be a solution for those suffering from speech disabilities.

scholarly journals A Review on Neuronutrition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruthra Devi ◽  
Rita Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Memory Problems ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Need ◽  
The Brain

Nutrition is a basic human need and a prerequisite to a healthy life. Since it is bonded with food, it is essential to advocate nutrition in terms of food. A proper diet is important from the very early stages (gestation period) of life for proper growth and development. Neuronutrition portrays how food affects the brain and its function. Brain is where the performances begin and end. It monitors and controls all the energy metabolism of the body and it never stops working. Neuronutrition is the nutrition needed to achieve healthy brain and good neurocognitive function. Dietary manipulations are a viable strategy for enhancing cognitive abilities and protecting the brain from damage. No single food is key to good brain health but rather a combination of food. Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, mental fatigue, and memory problems are prevalent across the world, and this opens the door to provide tailormade products which cater to consumer's desire for better neuronutrition.

scholarly journals The inner experience of time

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1525) ◽  
pp. 1955-1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Wittmann
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viewing Time ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Experience Of Time ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Brain

The striking diversity of psychological and neurophysiological models of ‘time perception’ characterizes the debate on how and where in the brain time is processed. In this review, the most prominent models of time perception will be critically discussed. Some of the variation across the proposed models will be explained, namely (i) different processes and regions of the brain are involved depending on the length of the processed time interval, and (ii) different cognitive processes may be involved that are not necessarily part of a core timekeeping system but, nevertheless, influence the experience of time. These cognitive processes are distributed over the brain and are difficult to discern from timing mechanisms. Recent developments in the research on emotional influences on time perception, which succeed decades of studies on the cognition of temporal processing, will be highlighted. Empirical findings on the relationship between affect and time, together with recent conceptualizations of self- and body processes, are integrated by viewing time perception as entailing emotional and interoceptive (within the body) states. To date, specific neurophysiological mechanisms that would account for the representation of human time have not been identified. It will be argued that neural processes in the insular cortex that are related to body signals and feeling states might constitute such a neurophysiological mechanism for the encoding of duration.

Cartesian Robotics

2013 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bates
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Processing System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Information Processing System ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Physiological Theory

This essay looks closely at René Descartes’s physiological theory, and especially his theorization of the nerves and the brain as an information-processing system, in order to offer a new interpretation of cognition within his philosophy. Rather than opposing mind and body, Descartes showed how the operations of the soul interrupted the automatic cognitive processes of the body to provide adaptive flexibility for the human organism as a whole.

scholarly journals Rhythms of the Body, Rhythms of the Brain: Respiration, Neural Oscillations, and Embodied Cognition

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somogy Varga ◽  
Detlef H. Heck
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Rhythmic Contraction ◽  
Contraction And Relaxation ◽  
Epistemic Role ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIn spite of its importance as a life-defining rhythmic movement and its constant rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the body, respiration has not received attention in Embodied Cognition (EC) literature. Our paper aims to show that (1) respiration exerts significant and unexpected bottom-up influence on cognitive processes, and (2) it does so by modulating neural synchronization that underlies specific cognitive processes. Then, (3) we suggest that the particular example of respiration may function as a model for a general mechanism through which the body influences cognitive functioning. Finally, (4) we work out the implications for embodied cognition, draw a parallel to the role of gesture, and argue that respiration sometimes plays a double, pragmatic and epistemic, role, which reduces the cognitive load. In such cases, consistent with EC, the overall cognitive activity includes a loop-like interaction between neural and non-neural elements. (141 words)

The Cognitive Processes of Formal Inferences

2011 ◽  
pp. 92-105
Author(s):  
Yingxu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Causal Inference ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Process Algebra ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Time Process ◽  
The Brain

Theoretical research is predominately an inductive process, while applied research is mainly a deductive process. Both inference processes are based on the cognitive process and means of abstraction. This chapter describes the cognitive processes of formal inferences such as deduction, induction, abduction, and analogy. Conventional propositional arguments adopt static causal inference. This chapter introduces more rigorous and dynamic inference methodologies, which are modeled and described as a set of cognitive processes encompassing a series of basic inference steps. A set of mathematical models of formal inference methodologies is developed. Formal descriptions of the 4 forms of cognitive processes of inferences are presented using Real-Time Process Algebra (RTPA). The cognitive processes and mental mechanisms of inferences are systematically explored and rigorously modeled. Applications of abstraction and formal inferences in both the revilement of the fundamental mechanisms of the brain and the investigation of next generation cognitive computers are explored.

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