The Thyroid – a New Critical Body for Impacting Electromagnetic Fields Mobile Communications: Assessment of Possible Effects for Children and Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Yuriy Grigor'ev ◽  
N. Horseva ◽  
Pavel Grigor'ev
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Absorbed Doses ◽  
Critical Organ ◽  
New Generation

This publication provides an analysis of the studies of Russian and foreign scientists dealing with the problem of studying the effect of electromagnetic fields on the state of the thyroid gland as a new critical organ directly experiencing this type of exposure when using a new generation of mobile communications – smartphones. The review includes an introduction, five sections, and a conclusion. In the section “Distribution of absorbed doses when using mobile phones” studies of the distribution and level of absorption of electromagnetic fields when using mobile communications, including the thyroid gland, are presented. The issues of modelling taking into account the size of the head and the properties of the tissues of children are discussed. “Epidemiological and statistical assessments of thyroid dysfunction” – this section summarizes the data on the incidence of the thyroid gland among the child population in Russia for the period 1990 – 2019. The section “Experimental studies” presents the experimental data of domestic and foreign scientists on morphological and hormonal changes in the thyroid gland of experimental animals when exposed to electromagnetic fields of cellular communication. Biomedical studies of the effects of their impact are described in the section “Changes in the functioning of the thyroid gland in mobile users”. The review is completed by the section “Possible long-term consequences of prolonged exposure to electromagnetic fields on the thyroid gland in mobile communication users”.

scholarly journals Optimization of LTE Network Coverage

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu Yanbo
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Network Coverage ◽  
Lte Network ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
High Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Mobile Communication Technology ◽  
New Generation

The trend of mobile, broadband and IP is becoming more and more prominent. Mobile communication technology is now in acritical period in the evolution of network technology. As such, LTE (Long Term Evolution) comes to light. LTE serves as a unified standardfor the new generation of mobile communications, equipped with high spectral efficiency, high peak rate, high mobility, flat networkarchitecture and other advantages. Huawei has played a very important role in the commercialization of LTE. As a sponsor of NGMN,Huawei has been actively involved in the research of some key projects of NGMN, such as network self-optimization, system architectureand Network performance evaluation and so on. This paper mainly introduces the problems encountered in the optimization of LTEnetwork coverage, the practical problems encountered by the LTE project team in Qingdao and the analysis and solutions to the problems.At the same time, this paper discusses in detail on the LTE network optimization process.

Effect of Fenton's treatment on the biodegradability of chromium-complex azo dyes

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Arslan-Alaton ◽  
I. Kabdaşlı ◽  
S. Teksoy
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Acid Dye ◽  
Colour Removal ◽  
Chromium Complex ◽  
H2o2 Decomposition ◽  
Fenton’S Reaction ◽  
Pretreatment Conditions ◽  
New Generation

Pretreatment of an acid dyebath effluent bearing a new generation chromium complex azo dyestuff (Co=350 mg/L) with Fenton's reagent was investigated. Preliminary optimisation (baseline) experiments were conducted to determine the Fe2 + , H2O2 concentrations and pH required to the highest possible COD and colour removals. Kinetic studies were carried out at varying temperatures (20 °C < T<70 °C) to establish a relationship between COD abatement and H2O2 consumption. The activation energy found for catalytic H2O2 decomposition (Ea=9.8 kJ/mol) appeared to be significantly less than that of fermentative (Ea=23 kJ/mol) and of thermal (Ea=76 kJ/mol) H2O2 decomposition, implying that H2O2 decomposition during the Fenton's reaction occurs more spontaneously. The experimental studies indicated that approximately 30% COD and complete colour removal could be achieved under optimised Fenton pretreatment conditions (Fe2 + =2 mM; H2O2=30 mM; pH = 3; at T = 60 °C). Long-term activated sludge experiments revealed that although the raw and pretreated acid dyebath effluent contained practically the same amount of “readily biodegradable” COD (inert COD fraction ≤10%), biodegradation of the chemically pretreated acid dye effluent proceeded appreciably faster than that of the untreated acid dyebath effluent.

scholarly journals INTEGRATED APPROACH TO RESEARCH OF INFLUENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OF CONTEMPORARY COMMUNICATION DEVICES ON THE HUMAN BODY

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 618-622
Author(s):  
Svetlana G. Yashchenko ◽  
S. E. Shibanov ◽  
S. Yu. Rybalko ◽  
O. A. Grigoriev
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The Body ◽  
Microwave Range ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Experimental Animals

To date, the greatest «contribution» to the electromagnetic load experienced by young people is made by modern means of communication, namely mobile phones (MPhs) and personal computers (PCs). Electromagnetic radiation generated by a PC can cause the development of functional disorders and pathological conditions. The possibility of formation of antibodies in the body under the influence of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the PC is established. The prevalence rate of gestosis and the risk of spontaneous miscarriages are high. At the same time, the exposure dose of 20 hours per week is considered critical. Experimental studies of EMF in the operation of laptops revealed EMF of the microwave range in 25% of cases. A separate problem is the use of mobile communications. In studies conducted on adult volunteers-MPh users, changes in the electroencephalogram were found. Experimental studies in experimental animals have shown that the effect of EMF of MPhs on experimental animals in the embryonic period influences the development of the fetus in the uterus and the subsequent formation of the organism. In adult animals, the reproductive function is impaired: the number of spermatozoa decreases, morphological changes in the testicles appear. In real conditions, EMF from various sources operates on the population. But, as a rule, we consider the danger from one or two sources. The interference of the dangers of these sources is not established taking into account the age and specificity of the subject’s work. At present, the investigation of the complex effect of non-ionizing electromagnetic factors of the external environment on the human body is topical.

Three year results of endovascular therapy with a new generation nitinol stent for femoro-popliteal artery lesions - a single-center outcome analysis of a subcohort of MISAGO 2 study

VASA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Kralj ◽  
Irene Boos ◽  
Uwe Müller-Bühl
Keyword(s):  
Popliteal Artery ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Outcome Analysis ◽  
Stent Fracture ◽  
Nitinol Stent ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Stent Stenosis

Background: Advances in stent technology have widened the field of indications for stent treatment of femoro-popliteal artery lesions, however the use of stents in bending arterial segments is restricted because some first- and second-generation nitinol stent designs did not respond well to the mechanical forces of femoro-popliteal segments in motion which pose a substantial risk of stent fracture inducing in-stent-stenosis. New generation nitinol stents are supposed to overcome these limitations but long-term results are rare. Patients and methods: In forty-five patients (mean age 68 y, range 50 - 85) with peripheral arterial disease (TASC II A-C, Rutherford category 2 - 5) forty-six lesions of the superficial femoral artery (37) or popliteal artery (9) were treated [25 high-grade stenoses, mean length 53 mm (range 30 - 145 mm); 21 chronic total occlusions, mean length 74 mm (range 30 - 180 mm)]. 74 % of lesions were located in the mobile bending arterial segments in the distal femoral or the popliteal segment. Clinical reevaluation performed at discharge, at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months included at least the measurement of ankle-brachial index (ABI) and duplex sonography. Results: Procedural success rate was 100 %. At 6, 12, 24, and 36 months, cumulative primary patency rate was 93.5 %, 84.8 %, 80.5 %, and 74.3 % (SE<10); freedom from target lesion revascularization rate was 95.7 %, 89.2 %, 84.9 %, and 79.3 % (SE<10); Rutherford category and ABI improved in all patients and clinical success was maintained in more than 85 % of patients. Conclusions: Sustained technical and clinical success and good clinical long-term results were achieved with Misago™ nitinol stent implantation in femoro-popliteal lesions with moderate risk for in-stent-stenosis, and in the distal femoral and popliteal mobile segment.

The long-term instability of the new generation hydrogen masers

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
S.I. Donchenko ◽  
I.Y. Blinov ◽  
I.B. Norets ◽  
Y.F. Smirnov ◽  
A.A. Belyaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Frequency Difference ◽  
Clock Frequency ◽  
Quantum Frequency ◽  
Frequency Standards ◽  
Quantum Frequency Standards ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Atomic Time

The latest changes in the algorithm for the formation of the international atomic time scale TAI are reported in terms of estimating the weights of the clocks involved in the formation of TAI. Studies of the characteristics of the long-term instability of new-generation hydrogen masers based on processing the results of the clock frequency difference with respect to TAI are performed. It has been confirmed that at present, new-generation hydrogen masers show significantly less long-term instability in comparison with quantum frequency standards ofsimilar and other types.

Masonry: the brittle or plastic material?

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-28
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Material ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Plastic Properties ◽  
Plastic Deformations ◽  
Base Materials ◽  
Stress States ◽  
Creep Deformations ◽  
Structural Point

The results of experimental studies of masonry on the action of dynamic and static (short-term and long-term) loads are presented. The possibility of plastic deformations in the masonry is analyzed for different types of force effects. The falsity of the proposed approach to the estimation of the coefficient of plasticity of masonry, taking into account the ratio of elastic and total deformations of the masonry is noted. The study of the works of Soviet scientists revealed that the masonry under the action of seismic loads refers to brittle materials in the complete absence of plastic properties in it in the process of instantaneous application of forces. For the cases of uniaxial and plane stress states of the masonry, data on the coefficient of plasticity obtained from the experiment are presented. On the basis of experimental studies the influence of the strength of the so-called base materials (brick, mortar) on the bearing capacity of the masonry, regardless of the nature of the application of forces and the type of its stress state, is noted. The analysis of works of prof. S. V. Polyakov makes it possible to draw a conclusion that at the long application of the load, characteristic for the masonry are not plastic deformations, but creep deformations. It is shown that the proposals of some authors on the need to reduce the level of adhesion of the mortar to the brick for the masonry erected in earthquake-prone regions in order to improve its plastic properties are erroneous both from the structural point of view and from the point of view of ensuring the seismic resistance of structures. It is noted that the proposal to assess the plasticity of the masonry of ceramic brick walls and large-format ceramic stone with a voidness of more than 20% is incorrect, and does not meet the work of the masonry of hollow material. On the basis of the analysis of a large number of research works it is concluded about the fragile work of masonry.

Improvement Of Curvilinear Diagrams Of Concrete Deformation

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-104
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Deformation Model ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Deformation Diagrams

Problems when calculating reinforced concrete structures based on the concrete deformation under compression diagram, which is presented both in Russian and foreign regulatory documents on the design of concrete and reinforced concrete structures are considered. The correctness of their compliance for all classes of concrete remains very approximate, especially a significant difference occurs when using Euronorm due to the different shape and sizes of the samples. At present, there are no methodical recommendations for determining the ultimate relative deformations of concrete under axial compression and the construction of curvilinear deformation diagrams, which leads to limited experimental data and, as a result, does not make it possible to enter more detailed ultimate strain values into domestic standards. The results of experimental studies to determine the ultimate relative deformations of concrete under compression for different classes of concrete, which allowed to make analytical dependences for the evaluation of the ultimate relative deformations and description of curvilinear deformation diagrams, are presented. The article discusses various options for using the deformation model to assess the stress-strain state of the structure, it is concluded that it is necessary to use not only the finite values of the ultimate deformations, but also their intermediate values. This requires reliable diagrams "s–e” for all classes of concrete. The difficulties of measuring deformations in concrete subjected to peak load, corresponding to the prismatic strength, as well as main cracks that appeared under conditions of long-term step loading are highlighted. Variants of more accurate measurements are proposed. Development and implementation of the new standard GOST "Concretes. Methods for determination of complete diagrams" on the basis of the developed method for obtaining complete diagrams of concrete deformation under compression for the evaluation of ultimate deformability of concrete under compression are necessary.

Method and tools for determining heat transfer coefficients in organic liquids and solutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Aleksandr S. MYAKOCHIN ◽  
Petr V. NIKITIN ◽  
Sergey Yu. POBEREZHSKIY ◽  
Anna A. SHKURATENKO
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Pulse Method ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Resistance Thermometer ◽  
Film Sensor ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Aerospace Technology ◽  
New Generation

The paper presents a method, tools and a newly developed algorithm for experimentally determining heat transfer coefficients in organic liquids and solutions. This work is made relevant by the problem of development of a new generation of aerospace technology. In this connection, improvements have been made to the pulse method of determining heat transfer coefficients that is based on the use of a micron-thick film sensor. The measurement setup was modified. A math model was constructed for the measuring sensor. Algorithms were developed for conducting the experiment and processing measurement results to determine heat transfer coefficients. Experimental uncertainties were analyzed. The paper provides results of experimental studies on certain organic liquids. The authors believe that the material presented in the paper will find application in research conducted at research institutions, engineering offices and universities, among researches, postgraduates and students. Key words: thermal and physical characteristics, organic liquids and their solutions, film-type electrical resistor, thin-film temperature sensor, voltage pulse, resistance thermometer, irregular heat transfer regime.

scholarly journals Understanding sex differences in long-term blood pressure regulation: insights from experimental studies and computational modeling

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (5) ◽  
pp. H1113-H1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameed Ahmed ◽  
Rui Hu ◽  
Jessica Leete ◽  
Anita T. Layton
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Blood Pressure Regulation ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Key Players

Sex differences in blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension are found in humans and animal models. Moreover, there has been a recent explosion of data concerning sex differences in nitric oxide, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, inflammation, and kidney function. These data have the potential to reveal the mechanisms underlying male-female differences in blood pressure control. To elucidate the interactions among the multitude of physiological processes involved, one may apply computational models. In this review, we describe published computational models that represent key players in blood pressure regulation, and highlight sex-specific models and their findings.

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