scholarly journals Updating Ravenstein: Internal Migration as a Driver of Regional Population Change in the Wider South East of England

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Champion
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
The Core ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
Migration Data ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Concentric Zone ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Two Measures

Key among Ravenstein’s “laws”, derived from extensive analysis of mid-19th century migration patterns in the British Isles, are that the majority of migrants go only a short distance and that migration proceeds stepwise as a sequence of localised population shifts towards the principal centres of commerce and industry. This paper tests these two laws in the 21st century context of counterurbanisation by reference to migration taking place within the Wider South East (WSE) of England, being the region dominated by deconcentration pressures emanating from London. It comprises two sets of empirical analyses using migration data for the period 2001-2016. Firstly, these data are aggregated to a set of broadly concentric rings around this core and analysed to reveal how much of the net outward shifts of population produced by this migration arises from net movement taking place between adjacent rings as a type of cascade as opposed to leapfrogging directly from the core into a non-adjacent ring. Cascading is found to predominate at this scale, confirming the continued importance of shorter-distance moving. Secondly, the migration data are rendered into a Travel to Work Area (TTWA) framework to examine the extent to which these subdivisions of the WSE perform a type of entrepôt role in helping to shift population outwards from London. Drawing on Ravenstein’s concepts of counties of “transfer” and “absorption”, two measures are developed for revealing how the net inflow to a particular TTWA from rings closer to the core compares numerically with the net outflow from that TTWA to the rings further away from it. The derived transfer and absorption rates are then used to classify the TTWAs into four groups according to whether their scores on each are above or below average. It is found that a TTWA’s role varies according to two main dimensions: the concentric zone to which it belongs and the radial sector out of London in which it is located, notably whether the sector has a coastal or landward border. * This article belongs to a special issue on “Internal Migration as a Driver of Regional Population Change in Europe: Updating Ravenstein”.

Recent Migration Patterns in the Developed World: A Clarification of Some Differences between our and NASA's Findings

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Vining ◽  
R Pallone ◽  
D Plane
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Developed World

This paper is a reply to two recently published critiques of our finding of a discontinuity in the recent internal migration patterns of Europe, Japan, and North America. Using data from the HAS A Human Settlements Systems Task, Hall–Hay and Gordon both fail to detect any significant narrowing in the differential between the growth rates of metropolitan areas and the growth rates of rural areas in Europe and Japan over the period 1950–1970 (they concede that this difference has disappeared, and has even been reversed in the United States). Our rejoinder here consists simply of a clarification of our own independent research on regional population change in these same countries. Unlike the IIASA project, this research has been confined, in the case of Europe and Japan, to a study of the trends in net internal migration to their politically and economically dominant core regions, for which data are available for the post-1970 period as well. Most of the disagreement over the presence or absence of a discontinuity in the regional population trends in the countries of western Europe and Japan can be explained by this simple difference in the principal orientations of the two studies, the first towards all metropolitan areas in these countries for the period 1950–1970, and emphasizing the total population growth of these areas, the other towards their densest, richest, and generally most important regions for the longer period 1950–1980, and emphasizing net internal migration to these regions rather than their overall population growth. For there is little doubt, as we demonstrate here, that there has been an abrupt and precipitous reduction in net internal migration towards the core regions of many countries in the developed world in the 1970s, though a comparable reduction may not have taken place to all metropolitan areas in the aggregate. Gordon's and Hall–Hay's claim to have rebutted our thesis is thus seen to be based on a misconception of the subject of our study.

scholarly journals Internal Migration in Germany, 1995-2010: New Insights into East-West Migration and Re-urbanisation

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Sander
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
East German ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
East West

Over the last two decades, patterns of internal migration in Germany have been discussed under the headings of East-West movements and sub- and re-urbanisation. This paper argues that the intense scientific and public debate that ignited about the possible causes and consequences of internal migration should be based on a clear understanding of how internal migration flows impact on regional population change. Using the German Internal Migration (GIM) database, a unique new dataset that holds annual interregional migration counts drawn from the population register for 397 regions with temporally consistent boundaries, this paper aims to provide a more comprehensive picture of the spatial structure of inter-county migration in Germany and how it has changed over the period 1995-2010. To reduce the complexity of the county-level flow data and to facilitate the identification of patterns and trends, county-to-county flows were analysed using a spatial framework of 132 “analytical regions”. The results show that the intensity of migration between East German regions has been higher than East-West migration throughout the period, suggesting that the former type of migration has a stronger impact on rural population decline than commonly believed in the literature. Following a strong suburbanisation pattern in the 1990s, over the last decade, migration between counties in eastern Germany has resulted in a growing concentration of population in the cities of Berlin, Leipzig and Dresden. Increasing net migration gains were recorded by many urban cores across Germany. The trend was driven by both continuing in-migration of young adults in search for education and employment, and by a cessation of the long-term trend of family out-migration to the cities’ suburban and non-metropolitan hinterlands.

scholarly journals The Impact of Internal Migration on the Spatial Distribution of Population in Germany over the Period 1991-2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico Stawarz ◽  
Nikola Sander
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
German Population ◽  
Settlement Type ◽  
Time Series Dataset ◽  
Proxy Measure ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
The Impact

In 1885 and 1889 Ravenstein published two seminal papers on the role of migration in changing population distribution. This article analyses the importance of internal migration for shaping the spatial population distribution of Germany in the last three decades. We use a time-series dataset of annual inter-county migration flows from the German population register for the years 1991 to 2017. Population density is used as proxy measure for settlement type as an alternative to the commonly used BBSR typology. Our findings show that around 3 percent of the population moves between counties each year, and that the efficacy of internal migration in redistributing population has declined since the 1990s. Our results are in line with other recent work stating that the re-urbanisation phase, which was prevalent during the 2000s, has ended and sub-urbanisation patterns have become more prominent since 2011. We show that internal migration indeed plays an important role in shaping the distribution of population, especially the movements of young adults and families along the rural-urban continuum. In the 1990s and 2000s, internal migration tended to be more important for shaping regional populations than international migration and natural population change. Notably, this ranking reversed in the last few years and natural population change even became positive for densely settled regions. * This article belongs to a special issue on “Internal Migration as a Driver of Regional Population Change in Europe: Updating Ravenstein”.

scholarly journals Some patterns of internal migration in North West Province, South Africa, 1996-2001

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Palamuleni
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Demographic Research ◽  
North West ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
North West Province ◽  
And Gender

Migration is an important component of population change in North West province of South Africa. Unfortunately, reliable data on migration is difficult to collect. The aim of this study is to provide estimates of net internal migration for North West province using indirect estimation procedure based on survival ratios. This method has been under-utilised in demographic research in the country. The results indicate that during the intercensal period 1996-2001 North West province experienced net out-migration. There are migration differentials by region, municipalities and gender. Bojanala and Southern regions experienced net in-migration whereas Central and Bophirima regions experienced net out-migration. The above migration patterns resemble the nature of social and economic development in the province. One policy implication of the study is that efforts should continue being made to make the sending municipalities more attractive so as to reduce the inflow of people to the crowded and more affluent municipalities.

scholarly journals Network Analysis of Internal Migration in Austria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dino Pitoski ◽  
Thomas Lampoltshammer ◽  
Peter Parycek
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Migration Data ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
First Time

Human migration, and urbanization as its direct consequence, are among the crucial topics in regional and national governance. People?s migration and mobility flows make a network structure, with large cities acting as hubs, and smaller settlements as spokes. The essential method by which these phenomena can be analysed comprehensively is network analysis. With this study we, first, contribute to capacity building regarding the analysis of internal (national) migration data, by providing a set of network indicators, models, and visualisations tested and argued for in terms of applicability and interpretability for analysing migration. Second, we contribute to the understanding of the shape and scale of the phenomenon of internal migration, in particular towards urbanisation and mobility flows between human settlements (i.e. cities, towns and villages). Third, in the work we demonstrate the utility of our approach on the example of internal migration flows in Austria on the settlement level, and provide a longitudinal analysis for the period of 2002-2018. This is the first time that the key traits of a network of internal migration are identified for a European country, which, when accompanied by additional country analyses, has the potential to reveal the migration patterns in the region and beyond.

scholarly journals Impact of Internal Migration on Population Redistribution in Europe: Urbanisation, Counterurbanisation or Spatial Equilibrium?

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Rowe ◽  
Martin Bell ◽  
Aude Bernard ◽  
Elin Charles-Edwards ◽  
Philipp Ueffing
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Population Change ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Population Redistribution ◽  
Migration Dynamics ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Collection Practices ◽  
The Impact

The classical foundations of migration research date from the 1880s with Ravenstein’s “Laws of migration”, which represent the first comparative analyses of internal migration. While his observations remain largely valid, the ensuing century has seen considerable progress in data collection practices and methods of analysis, which in turn has permitted theoretical advances in understanding the role of migration in population redistribution. Coupling the extensive range of migration data now available with these recent theoretical and methodological advances, we endeavour to advance beyond Ravenstein’s understanding by examining the direction of population redistribution and comparing the impact of internal migration on patterns of human settlement in 27 European countries. Results show that the overall redistributive impact of internal migration is low in most European countries but the mechanisms differ across the continent. In Southern and Eastern Europe migration effectiveness is above average but is offset by low migration intensities, whereas in Northern and Western Europe high intensities are absorbed in reciprocal flows resulting in low migration effectiveness. About half the European countries are experiencing a process of concentration toward urbanised regions, particularly in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe, whereas countries in the West and South are undergoing a process of population deconcentration. These results suggest that population deconcentration is now more common than it was in the 1990s when counterurbanisation was limited to Western Europe. The results show that 130 years on, Ravenstein’s law of migration streams and counter-streams remains a central facet of migration dynamics, while underlining the importance of simple yet robust indices for the spatial analysis of migration.* This article belongs to a special issue on “Internal Migration as a Driver of Regional Population Change in Europe: Updating Ravenstein”.

scholarly journals Population Change and International and Internal Migration in Italy, 2002-2017: Ravenstein Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Benassi ◽  
Corrado Bonifazi ◽  
Frank Heins ◽  
Francesca Licari ◽  
Enrico Tucci
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Economic Imbalances

In 1885, Ravenstein formulated his “laws” of migration, based on the experience of the British Isles. In a further 1889 paper, he extended his analysis as a tour d’horizon of migration and population changes in other nations, including Italy. Even if social and economic processes including globalisation and rising mobility have changed the world since then, Ravenstein’s “laws” remain a point of reference today. Harnessing theoretical and methodological advances made since the 19th century, this paper describes and seeks to explain the role of international and internal migration in regional population change in Italy from 2002-2017. This paper provides the first geographically detailed migration analysis for the country’s 611 Local Labour Market Areas (LLMAs), using register-based migration and population data. Our contribution focuses on several of Ravenstein’s “laws” relating to gender (differences between men and women), natives and non-natives (differences between the Italian and the foreign population), distance migrated from origin to destination, and the role of the economy in shaping push and pull factors of migration. The results show that international migration is more prominent among men than women. In the case of internal moves, the rates of migration among men and women are similar, and internal migration is more prominent among the foreign than the native Italian population. Overall, international migration gains contribute substantially more to population change than internal migration gains and losses do. In Italy, the effects of persistent economic imbalances and of distance on migration patterns are not in line with Ravenstein’s hypotheses: not all areas with high unemployment show an effect of dispersion, nor does distance always act as a deterrent to migration. The geographically detailed analysis presented here illustrates the temporal and spatial coexistence of diverse international and internal migration processes depending on local characteristics, as well as the importance of the economic or administrative centres as the driving force behind national patterns. Our results show that, even 130 years after their formulation, Ravenstein’s migration “laws” (more accurately called “hypotheses” today) are still a valuable starting point in assessing and understanding migration processes and their role in regional population change.   * This article belongs to a special issue on “Internal Migration as a Driver of Regional Population Change in Europe: Updating Ravenstein”.

scholarly journals The Influence of Locality on Migration: a Comparative Study of Britain and Sweden in the Nineteenth Century

2013 ◽  
pp. 13-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin G. Pooley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Migration Data ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Patterns And Processes

This paper uses migration data for Britain and Sweden to critically examine the contention that locality or place influenced migration patterns and processes in the nineteenth century. Despite their very different geographies patterns of migration in Britain and Sweden in the nineteenth century were remarkably similar. Any differences can be accounted for by limitations in the available data. It is argued that at the national level geography had little impact on migration, but that at the local level most people in both countries were tied closely to particular localities. However, it is suggested that this is not primarily due to the specific characteristics of a place but, rather, can be attributed to the ties to family, friends and community which, while being situated in a place, are not produced by it. Finally, it is suggested that further comparative studies of demographic processes can aid the interpretation of local and regional population studies.

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