scholarly journals Searching for Evidence of Gile’s Effort Models in Retrospective Protocols of Trainee Simultaneous Interpreters

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (42) ◽  
pp. 17-39
Author(s):  
Ewa Gumul
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Coping Mechanisms ◽  
Capacity Management ◽  
Resources Allocation ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Processing Capacity ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Simultaneous Interpreting ◽  
Attentional Resources

The aim of this study is to find empirical evidence for Gile’s Effort Models through retrospection. The main objective is to investigate simultaneous interpreting trainees’ perception of the cognitive processes underlying the SI task, their decision-making process when faced with increased cognitive load and processing capacity saturation, as well as their coping mechanisms under the constraints of constant requirement of attentional resources allocation. The study triangulates process analysis (retrospective protocols) with product analysis (manual comparison of source and target texts). The corpus of the study consists of about 75 hours of recordings of 240 interpreting outputs in both directions of interpreting (Polish-English and English-Polish) and the recordings of retrospective protocols (5,005 remarks). The analysed retrospective comments provide evidence of the conflicting efforts and problems with processing capacity management described by Gile. The total of 531 verbalisations refer to the aspects related to Gile’s Effort Models and 108 out of 120 interpreters participating in this experiment made at least one remark reporting them, which clearly confirms Gile’s observations about the nature of the simultaneous interpreting process.

scholarly journals Evidence of cognitive effort in simultaneous interpreting: Process versus product data

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-45
Author(s):  
Ewa Gumul
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Verbal Protocols ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Product Data ◽  
Simultaneous Interpreting

The present study aims at measuring the level of correspondence between the problems related to increased cognitive effort reported by simultaneous interpreting trainees in their retrospective verbal protocols and problems indicators identified in the target texts. The study triangulates process analysis (retrospective protocols) with product analysis (manual comparison of source and target texts). The corpus of the study consists of about 75 hours of recordings of 240 interpreting outputs and the recordings of 5,005 retrospective comments. The results imply that that increased cognitive load involved in simultaneous interpreting and the resulting cognitive effort experienced by trainee interpreters is not always manifested in the product.

Explicitation and cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting

Interpreting ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Gumul
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Subjective Measure ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Simultaneous Interpreting ◽  
The One

Abstract This article investigates the correlation between explicitation and increased cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting by trainee interpreters. It has been hypothesised, on the one hand, that certain explicitating shifts in simultaneous interpreting may be caused by increased cognitive load and they may be performed in an attempt to mask processing problems; and, on the other, that performing explicitating shifts may lead to increased cognitive load and trigger processing problems. The study triangulates product analysis (manual comparison of source and target texts) with process analysis (retrospective protocols of the participants). In the product the correlation between the occurrence of explicitating shifts and increased cognitive load is sought by identifying problem indicators in the form of three types of disfluency: hesitation markers, false starts and anomalous pauses exceeding two seconds (performance measure). Retrospective protocols are analysed in search of reports of explicitating shifts and/or increased cognitive load experienced and/or the cognitive effort expended (subjective measure). The product analysis shows the correlation between explicitating shifts and cognitive load at the level of 31%. The Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient r = 0.48 indicates that there is a positive association between these two variables. This finding is further confirmed by 122 retrospective comments of the subjects in the study.

Cognitive aspects of social phobia: a review of theories and experimental research

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.Z. Musa ◽  
J.P. Lépine
Keyword(s):  
Social Phobia ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Research Paradigms ◽  
Threatening Information ◽  
Cognitive Theories ◽  
Attention Memory

SummaryCognitive theories of social phobia have largely been inspired by the information-processing models of anxiety. They propose that cognitive biases can, at least partially, explain the etiology and maintenance of this disorder. A specific bias, conceived as a tendency to preferentially process socially-threatening information, has been proposed. This bias is thought to intervene in cognitive processes such as attention, memory and interpretation. Research paradigms adopted from experimental cognitive psychology and social psychology have been used to investigate these hypotheses. The existence of a bias in the allocation of attentional resources and the interpretation of information seems to be confirmed. A memory bias in terms of better retrieval for threat-relevant information appears to depend on specific encoding activities.

scholarly journals Forcing techniques & Neuroscience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bestue
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Extreme Value ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Complex Mechanisms

Although we might think our decisions determine the final outcome of certain situations, magicians show us this is not always the case. Over the centuries, magicians have developed numerous forcing techniques to determine the final outcome of certain decisions that are perceived as “free choices'' by the spectators. It has been hypothesized that forcing techniques could be of extreme value to explore both decision making process and free will. Unfortunately, the knowledge of forcing techniques is restricted to magicians, who usually study them from a practical perspective instead of a psychological one. As this hinders the transfer of knowledge between the fields, in this work, I present an accurate explanation of the general concept of “forcing technique” together with a discussion of their possible applications to neuroscience. Moreover, I present a framework of cognitive processes exploited by forcing techniques to illustrate they are complex mechanisms that different branches of neuroscience can study. This work provides a background for the application of this ecological tool in the neuroscience of decision making and the sense of free will.

Intervention Characteristics Considered in Health Educators’ Adoption Decision-Making Process

2022 ◽  
pp. 109019812110671
Author(s):  
Thomas Strayer E. ◽  
Laura E. Balis ◽  
Lauren E. Kennedy ◽  
NithyaPriya S. Ramalingam ◽  
Meghan L. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Diffusion Of Innovations ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
External Funding ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Attribute Importance ◽  
Adoption Decision ◽  
Intervention Cost

It is well known that perceptions of intervention characteristics (e.g., cost, source, evidence strength and quality) are a critical link from dissemination to implementation. What is less known is the process by which researchers understand the characteristics most valued by key intermediaries (i.e., real-world decision-makers), particularly in the federal system of Cooperative Extension. In Extension, university-based specialists are available to assist county-based agents in program selection, delivery, and evaluation. For this work, a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was used to conduct surveys and semi-structured interviews, informed by the Diffusion of Innovations theory and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Educators and specialists were recruited across 47 states to identify characteristics of health promotion interventions that facilitate the adoption decision-making process. Analysis of intervention attribute importance survey data was conducted through a one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test to determine individual variable differences between responses. Interviews underwent a conventional content analysis. In total, 121 educators and 47 specialists from 33 states completed the survey. Eighteen educators and 10 specialists completed interviews. Educators and specialists valued components such as the community need for the intervention, and potential reach compared with other components including previous delivery settings and external funding of the intervention ( p < .05). Qualitative data indicated divergence between educators and specialists; educators valued understanding the intervention cost (time and training) and specialists valued the evidence base and external funding available. Intervention developers should communicate information valued by different stakeholders to improve the adoption of evidence-based interventions.

scholarly journals Gaze and eye movement in dialogue interpreting: An eye-tracking study

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 780-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabet Tiselius ◽  
Kayle Sneed
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Simultaneous Interpreting ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Averted Gaze

AbstractPrevious studies have investigated the cognitive processes of simultaneous interpreting and translation using eye-tracking. No study has yet utilized eye-tracking to investigate cognitive load and cognitive effort in dialogue interpreting. An eye-tracking study was conducted on two groups of interpreters (experienced and inexperienced) with varying language backgrounds during a staged dialogue interpreting session. The aim of the study was to explore gaze patterns in dialogue interpreting in relation to the interpreters’ action and translation direction. The results indicated there were differences in gaze patterns depending on the action and the language used. Participants averted gaze more when interpreting into the allophone language (the L2 for a majority of the participants in this study). This may indicate that interpreting into L2 in a dialogue may involve more cognitive effort than interpreting into L1. Finally, gaze patterns did not differ significantly between inexperienced and experienced dialogue interpreters.

scholarly journals The Time Constraint in Conference Interpreting: Simultaneous vs. Consecutive

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 165-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Gumul ◽  
Andrzej Łyda
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Capacity Management ◽  
Time Constraint ◽  
Processing Capacity ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
The Impact

The present paper focuses on the concept of time constraint in interpreting. The main aim of the study is to compare the two modes of interpreting, i.e. consecutive and simultaneous in terms of the temporal load imposed by the operations constituting each of them. The discussion centres on the issues of external pacing and processing capacity management, the two focal points of The Time Constraint. The paper also examines a range of strategies interpreters resort to in order to minimise the impact of time pressure in both CI and SI, such as EVS regulation, economy of expression, text-editing strategies, and notation techniques.

scholarly journals Evidence Accumulation Models: Current Limitations and Future Directions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Evans ◽  
Eric-Jan Wagenmakers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Choice Response Time ◽  
Response Time Distributions

Evidence accumulation models (EAMs) have been the dominant models of speeded decision-making for several decades. These models propose that evidence accumulates for decision alternatives at some rate, until the evidence for one alternative reaches some threshold that triggers a decision. As a theory, EAMs have provided an accurate account of the choice response time distributions in a range of decision-making tasks, and as a measurement tool, EAMs have provided direct insight into how cognitive processes differ between groups and experimental conditions, resulting in EAMs becoming the standard paradigm of speeded decision-making. However, we argue that there are several limitations to how EAMs are currently tested and applied, which have begun to limit their value as a standard paradigm. Specifically, we believe that a theoretical plateau has been reached for the level of explanation that EAMs can provide about the decision-making process, and that applications of EAMs have started to become restrictive and of limited value. We provide several recommendations for how researchers can help to overcome these limitations. As a theory, we believe that EAMs can provide further value through being constrained by sources of data beyond the standard choice response time distributions, being extended to the entire decision-making process from encoding to responding, and having the random sources of variability replaced by systematic sources of variability. As a measurement tool, we believe that EAMs can provide further value through being a default method of inference for cognitive psychology in place of mean response time and choice, and being applied to a broader range of empirical questions that better capture individual differences in cognitive processes.

scholarly journals The Effect of Task-Irrelevant Emotional Valence on Limited Attentional Resources During Deception: An ERPs Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Liang ◽  
Qian-Nan Ruan ◽  
Ke-Ke Fu ◽  
Yu-Hsin Chen ◽  
Wen-Jing Yan
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Deception Detection ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Dyadic Process ◽  
Task Irrelevant

Deception is a complex and cognitively draining dyadic process that simultaneously involves cognitive and emotional processes, both of which demand/capture attentional resources. However, few studies have investigated the allocation of attentional resources between cognitive and emotional processes during deception. The current study presented facial expressions of different valences to 36 participants. While an electroencephalogram was recording, they were asked to make either truthful or deceptive gender judgments according to preceding cues. The results showed that deceptive responses induced smaller P300 amplitudes than did truthful responses. Task-irrelevant negative emotional information (TiN) elicited larger P300 amplitudes than did task-irrelevant positive emotional information (TiP). Furthermore, the results showed that TiN elicited larger LPP amplitudes than did TiP in deceptive responses, but not in truthful ones. The results suggested that attentional resources were directed away to deception-related cognitive processes and TiN, but not TiP, was consistently able to compete for and obtain attentional resources during deception. The results indicated that TiN could disrupt with deception and may facilitate deception detection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document