A Longitudinal Analysis on the Duration of Utterance in a Conversational Turn and Turn-Switching Pause in Preschool Children who Stutter during Interactions with Their Mothers

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate, longitudinally, the duration of utterance in a conversational turn, duration of turn-switching pause, and frequency of disfluency which young children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS) showed during interactions with their mothers.Methods: Subjects for this study consisted of 2-5 year old CWS (male 2 and female 4), an age-matched group of CWNS (male 3 and female 3), and their mothers. Frequencies of normal disfluency (ND) and abnormal disfluency (AD), and duration of utterance in a conversational turn and duration of turn-switching pause were measured two times (initial visit and 12 months later) over the course of one year.Results: At initial visit, a significant group difference was found in frequency of AD. However, no significant difference was observed in duration of utterance in a conversational turn and duration of turn-switching pause both between two parent groups and between two child groups at initial visit and 12 months later. In the CWS group, at initial visit, a positive correlation was found between frequency of AD and mother’s duration of utterance in a conversational turn. Frequency of AD was negatively correlated with both duration of turn-switching pause of mothers and that of children. After 12 months, there was a negative correlation between frequency of AD and mother’s duration of utterance in a conversational turn.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the longitudinal study of individual characteristics of CWS · mothers interactions can help speech-language pathologists to identify the interactional factors related to the recovery or persistence of stuttering and to enhance the efficacy of parent · child interaction therapy for CWS.

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Game Spacing and Density in Relation to the Risk of Injuries in the National Hockey League

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967121999401 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 232596712199940

Author(s):

Benjamin N. Blond ◽

Joshua B. Blond ◽

Paul J. Loscalzo

Keyword(s):

Injury Severity ◽

Ice Hockey ◽

National Hockey League ◽

Significant Group ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Significant Group Difference ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Density Analysis ◽

Post Hoc

Background: Ice hockey has significant workload demands. Research of other sports has suggested that decreased rest between games as well as an increased workload may increase the risk of injuries. Purpose: To evaluate whether condensed game schedules increase the frequency and severity of injuries in the National Hockey League (NHL). Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Data were obtained from publicly available online sources on game schedules and injuries for all NHL teams for the 2005-2006 through 2018-2019 seasons. Injury rates (per team per game) and the proportion of severe and nonsevere injuries were determined. The game-spacing analysis assessed the risk of injuries in relation to the number of days between games played (range, 0-≥6 days). The game-density analysis assessed the risk of injuries in relation to the number of games played within 7 days (range, 1-5 games). Results were assessed by analysis of variance, the post hoc Tukey test, and the chi-square test of distribution. Results: The game-spacing analysis included 33,170 games and 7224 injuries, and a significant group difference was found ( P = 1.44×10–5), with the post hoc test demonstrating an increased risk of injuries when games were spaced with <1 day of rest. There was no significant difference in the ratio of severe to nonsevere injuries. The game-density analysis included 33,592 games and 10,752 injuries, and a significant group difference was found ( P = 8.22×10–48), demonstrating an increased risk of injuries with an increased number of games in all conditions except for the comparison between 4 versus 5 games in 7 days. There was also a significant difference in injury severity ( P = .008), indicating that the least dense condition had a higher ratio of severe to nonsevere injuries compared with the other game-density conditions. Finally, the game-density analysis was repeated after excluding games played with <1 day of rest, and the finding of increased injury rates with increasingly condensed schedules remained significant ( P = 9.52×10–46), with significant differences between all groups except for the comparison between 1 versus 2 games in 7 days. Conclusion: We found that a condensed schedule and <1 day of rest between games were associated with an increased rate of injuries in the NHL. These findings may help in the design of future game schedules.

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Evaluation of Oral and Nasal Odor in Patients with and without Cleft Lip and Palate: Preliminary Report

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/02-163.1 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 661-663 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Flávio Monteiro-Amado ◽

Luiz Eduardo Montenegro Chinellato ◽

Olinda Tárzia ◽

Maria Lúcia Rubo de Rezende

Keyword(s):

Preliminary Report ◽

Cleft Lip ◽

Cleft Lip And Palate ◽

Statistical Evaluation ◽

Dental School ◽

Craniofacial Anomalies ◽

Exclusion Criteria ◽

Significant Group ◽

Significant Group Difference ◽

Significant Difference

Objective To evaluate oral and nasal halitosis parameters in patients with and without clefts. Design Randomized and prospective study. Patients with and without clefts were evaluated as to oral and nasal halitosis. Setting University of São Paulo, Bauru Dental School and Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Bauru, Brazil. Patients Twelve patients with clefts and 12 without clefts were evaluated, and no exclusion criteria were followed. Interventions Nasal and oral halitosis were measured with the use of a portable sulfide monitor during a single visit. Results One hundred percent of the patients with clefts had altered values for volatile sulfur compounds. Only 33.3% of the patients without clefts had at least one strong value for nasal halimeter measurements, and 58.3% of these patients showed alteration in the nasal values. Statistical evaluation, made using the Mann-Whitney U test, classifying the nasal halimeter values as normal, weak, and strong, showing a statistical significant group difference (p = .003). There was no significant difference in the oral halimeter values between the two groups. Conclusions Patients with cleft lip and palate had a tendency to present higher values for the nasal halimeter measurements, when compared with patients without clefts.

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A Comparative Study of Ranchi Labourer Life

International Journal of Indian Psychology ◽

10.25215/0403.036 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Saraswati Rani ◽

Thiyam Kiran Singh

Keyword(s):

Life Satisfaction ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Total Sample ◽

Group Differences ◽

Satisfaction Scale ◽

Significant Group ◽

Significant Group Difference ◽

Male And Female ◽

Normal Populations ◽

Significant Difference

Labour is a social class of group comprises of those who do manual labour or work for wages. A thousand of labours every day migrate in Ranchi city and they work whole day at daily wages and back to home in evening. Here we see, there are many people who were well educated (6% male labour) like graduate or post graduate and they were working as a labour only because of lack of job and poor economical conditions. At present scenario money is important for every one’s life so everyone works for money. Labors worked mostly in unorganized sectors at daily wages and their rule is “no work no wages”. Method: A total sample of 87 normal populations (50 male and 37 female labours) were selected using purposive and consecutive based sampling method from the area of Morabadi Ground (Labour Market), Ranchi. Socio demographic data sheet and life satisfaction scale were used to find out significant difference in socio-demography and life satisfaction between male and female. Result- In the socio demographic profile, a significant group differences were found in age, education and Religion in both groups. Again, significant group difference was found in the total score of Life Satisfaction between both sex (male and female labourers) indicating male labourers had better life satisfaction in comparison to the female labourers. Conclusion: Some results showed that labourers (Male & Female) had poor life satisfaction and they are surviving with many problems like – poor education, poor health and dissatisfaction of job. Current finding shows that the male labourers have better life satisfaction in comparison to female labourers.

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