Understanding primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 278-281
Author(s):  
Beverley Bostock
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
General Practice ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Practice Nurses ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

Cardiovascular disease causes significant morbidity and mortality across the UK. Beverley Bostock looks at the role practice nurses can play in the primary prevention of this condition Nurses working in general practice play an important role in identifying those at risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and implementing person-focused risk reduction strategies. The NHS Health Check programme was designed to identify people between the age of 40 and 74 years with risk factors for CVD. Nurses in general practice have a key role to play in encouraging people to attend Health Checks and helping people to understand the potential benefits of CVD risk assessment and reduction strategies. Lifestyle interventions and pharmacological management allow modifiable risk factors to be managed in an evidence-based and person-focused way.

Understanding primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 326-331
Author(s):  
Beverley Bostock
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
General Practice ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Health Checks ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies ◽  
Nhs Health Check

Nurses working in general practice play an important role in identifying those at risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and implementing person-focused risk reduction strategies. The NHS Health Check programme was designed to identify people between the age of 40 and 74 years with risk factors for CVD. Nurses in general practice have a key role to play in encouraging people to attend Health Checks and helping people to understand the potential benefits of CVD risk assessment and reduction strategies. Lifestyle interventions and pharmacological management allow modifiable risk factors to be managed in an evidence-based and person-focused way.

scholarly journals Whole almond consumption is associated with better diet quality and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the UK adult population: National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) 2008–2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vita Dikariyanto ◽  
Sarah E. Berry ◽  
Lucy Francis ◽  
Leanne Smith ◽  
Wendy L. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Risk Markers ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Diet Score

Abstract Purpose  This work aimed to estimate whole almond consumption in a nationally representative UK survey population and examine associations with diet quality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Methods  Four-day food record data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) 2008–2017 (n = 6802, age ≥ 19 year) were analyzed to investigate associations between whole almond consumption and diet quality, measured by the modified Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and modified Healthy Diet Score (HDS), and CVD risk markers, using survey-adjusted multivariable linear regression. Results  Whole almond consumption was reported in 7.6% of the population. Median intake in whole almond consumers was 5.0 g/day (IQR 9.3). Consumers had higher diet quality scores relative to non-consumers; higher intakes of protein, total fat, monounsaturated, n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fats, fiber, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron; and lower intakes of trans-fatty acids, total carbohydrate, sugar, and sodium. BMI and WC were lower in whole almond consumers compared to non-consumers: 25.5 kg/m2 (95% CI 24.9, 26.2) vs 26.3 kg/m2 (25.9, 26.7), and 88.0 cm (86.2, 89.8) vs 90.1 cm (89.1, 91.2), respectively. However, there were no dose-related fully adjusted significant associations between increasing almond intake (g per 1000 kcal energy intake) and lower CVD risk markers. Conclusions  Almond intake is low in the UK population, but consumption was associated with better dietary quality and lower CVD risk factors. Habitual consumption of whole almonds should be encouraged as part of a healthy diet.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors’ Awareness and Prevalence among College Students in Karachi City

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Uzma Aamir Jilani ◽  
Mehveen Iqbal ◽  
Syed Aamir Jilani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
College Students ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Validated Questionnaire

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the health beliefs and prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among the college students of Karachi city. Methods: A survey among students of the United Medical and Dental College and non-medical students was performed from the period of October 2019 to January 2020. A validated questionnaire was used to identify the health beliefs of the subjects, related to CVD and its determinants, along with a brief medical history to determine the prevalence of risk factors. The data was analysed by using SPSS version 23. Results: Among total subjects of 140, 53 (37.8%) males and 87 (62.1%) females participated in the study. The analysis presented an adequate knowledge of CVD and its determinants among 133 (95%) of the respondents. 112 (80%) of the participants demonstrated a significantly positive attitude and supported the primary prevention of CVD. However, the practices were found optimum in 80 (60%) of the respondents only, the rest were not up to the mark. It was identified that 69% of the respondents had at least one of the risk factors leading to CVD, which is a significant proportion. Conclusion: The majority of the participants of this study were aware of the CVD and its determinants, however, the practices observed for the primary prevention of CVDs were not up to the standard. Risk factors were significantly pervasive among the participants. The findings of this survey support the need for modification of lifestyle to promote primary prevention of CVD from an early age.

Distribution of short and lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease in Italians

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Di Castelnuovo ◽  
Simona Costanzo ◽  
Mariarosaria Persichillo ◽  
Marco Olivieri ◽  
Amalia de Curtis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Lifetime Risk ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Risk Factors ◽  
Short Time

Background: Guidelines for primary prevention recommend calculation of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in addition to short-time risk. We aimed at evaluating the distribution of CVD lifetime risk and the percentage of Italians having low short-term, but high lifetime, risk. Design: Cross-sectional general population-based cohort study. Methods: We included 8,403 (46% men) cardiovascular disease-free individuals aged 35–50 years, among those randomly recruited in the framework of the MOLI-SANI cohort. Participants were stratified into three groups: low short-time (10-year) (≤3% and non diabetic)/low lifetime, low short-time/high lifetime, and high short-time risk. Short-time risk was evaluated by the equation provided by the Italian CUORE project. Lifetime risk was evaluated using the algorithm derived from the Framingham cohort. Results: High short-time risk was prevalent in 16% population (32% of men and 2% of women). Among individuals with low short-time risk, 80% had high lifetime risk (82% men and 78% women). The proportion of individuals with very low lifetime risk due to all optimal risk factors was 4.1% only (1.5% men and 6.3% women). Conclusions: A large proportion of Italian adults not qualified for CVD primary prevention because of their very low short-time predicted CVD risk, are in fact at high risk to develop a CVD event in their lifetime; therefore population-based approaches should be sought to modify the overall distribution of individual risk factors. These findings offer helpful information for policy makers involved in contrasting the burden of CVD, especially in women and young men.

Abstract 051: A Feasibility Study on 10-year CVD Risk Assessment as a Primary Prevention Tool for Cardiovascular Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruizhi Shi ◽  
Yong Lan ◽  
Chunyang Lu ◽  
Wei Yu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Heart Age ◽  
Diabetes Patients

Background: China National Center for Cardiovascular Disease launched a guideline-based 10-year risk assessment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) phone APP, and created a heart age index to visualize the CVD risk to public. This is the first time using totally Chinese local database which includes 40,000 people following up 10-15 years to assess CVD incidence risk. We assessed the self-test effect of the app in China and the feasibility of promoting risk assessment app as a primary prevention tool for CVD by government. Methods: The app was promoted through media and government projects by encouraging people spontaneously and randomly scanning two dimensional code and answering 8 questions about CVD risk factors, including age, sex, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, weight, height, smoking. We analyzed the current status of cardiovascular risk in Chinese residents, the prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, the distribution of heart-age and so on by SPSS 19.0. Spearman bivariate correlation analysis was used to get the correlation coefficient among different risk factors. Results: Over 5 months, 18,214 people (39.7% of men, 60.3% of women) spontaneously used the app around the whole country. The mean age was 55.9 years, the mean heart-age was 64.8 years, and the mean 10-year CVD risk was 4.1%. For hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes patients, the mean 10-year CVD risks were 8.7%, 7.1%, and 9.5% respectively. Prevalence of hypertension (SBP≥140 mmHg or DBP≥90 mmHg), hyperlipidemia (total cholesterol>6.2mmol/L) and diabetes mellitus were 15.8%, 14.4% and 8.5%, respectively. There were 11.2% people smoked. Among hypertensive patients, 33.4% had hyperlipidemia at the same time, and 10.5% of diabetes patients had hyperlipidemia. There were 0.54% people who had three diseases simultaneously. The correlation coefficient between hypertension and hyperlipidemia was 0.101 (P<0.001), between hyperlipidemia and diabetes was 0.022 (P=0.003), and between hypertension and diabetes was 0.038 (P<0.001). Conclusions: The 10-years CVD risk evaluation app can be a primary prevention tool for CVD in China, given its friendly design and visual risk. For the public, heart-age is 10 years older than actual age. Hyperlipidemia is highly associated with hypertension and diabetes, so it’s necessary for Chinese government to include blood lipid management in its national policy like hypertension and hyperglycemia management, though such policy is lacking in China

scholarly journals Hospital Pharmacists’ Knowledge About Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blessing Onyinye Ukoha-kalu ◽  
Maxwell Ogochukwu Adibe ◽  
Chinwe Victoria Ukwe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Hospital Pharmacist ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Poor Knowledge ◽  
Hospital Pharmacists

Abstract Background: Pharmacists can play an important role in hypertension treatment by helping patients improve their chances of reaching therapeutic and lifestyle goals. This study aimed to assess hospital pharmacists’ knowledge of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and their practice of primary prevention of CVD. This was a prospective cross sectional survey of all the Hospital pharmacists in Federal Medical Centre Lokoja (FMCL), and Kogi State Specialist Hospital (KSSH) both in Lokoja L.G.A of Kogi State Nigeria. A Questionnaire on diagnostic cut-off for common cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and practice of primary prevention of CVD was used for the study. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for windows, Version 16.0. SPSS Inc. 2007.Chicago, USA) software was used for data analysis. Continuous data were presented as mean± standard deviation while categorical data were presented as percentages and frequencies. Results: About half, 20(46.5) of the hospital pharmacist were less than 40 years with a mean age of 43.44 years. The hospital pharmacist had poor knowledge of diagnostic cut-off for common cardiovascular disease risk factors. Also, the hospital pharmacists had poor practice of primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Age, gender and years of practice were associated with knowledge of CVD risk factors while age alone was associated with practice of primary prevention of CVD. Conclusion: Hospital pharmacists in Kogi state have a poor knowledge of CVD risk factors and also a poor practice of primary prevention of CVD.

The burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Middle East: A systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on primary prevention

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula ◽  
Abdullah Shehab ◽  
Anhar Ullah ◽  
Jamal Rahmani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Family History ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
History Of

Background: The increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) threatens the Middle Eastern population. Several epidemiological studies have assessed CVD and its risk factors in terms of the primary prevention of CVD in the Middle East. Therefore, summarizing the information from these studies is essential. Aim: We conducted a systematic review to assess the prevalence of CVD and its major risk factors among Middle Eastern adults based on the literature published between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2018 and carried out a meta-analysis. Methods: We searched electronic databases such as PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Embase and Google Scholar to identify literature published from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2018. All the original articles that investigated the prevalence of CVD and reported at least one of the following factors were included: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, smoking and family history of CVD. To summarize CVD prevalence, we performed a random-effects meta-analysis. Results: A total of 41 potentially relevant articles were included, and 32 were included in the meta-analysis (n=191,979). The overall prevalence of CVD was 10.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.1-14.3%, p<0.001) in the Middle East. A high prevalence of CVD risk factors, such as dyslipidaemia (43.3%; 95% CI: 21.5-68%), hypertension (26.2%; 95% CI: 19.6-34%) and diabetes (16%; 95% CI: 9.9-24.8%), was observed. The prevalence rates of other risk factors, such as smoking (12.4%; 95% CI: 7.7-19.4%) and family history of CVD (18.7%; 95% CI: 15.4-22.5%), were also high. Conclusion: The prevalence of CVD is high (10.1%) in the Middle East. The burden of dyslipidaemia (43.3%) in this region is twice as high as that of hypertension (26.2%) and diabetes mellitus (16%). Multifaceted interventions are urgently needed for the primary prevention of CVD in this region.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Risk Factors, Autoantibodies, and the Effect of Antirheumatic Therapies

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117954412110287
Author(s):  
Mir Sohail Fazeli ◽  
Vadim Khaychuk ◽  
Keith Wittstock ◽  
Boris Breznen ◽  
Grace Crocket ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Rheumatoid Factor ◽  
Qualitative Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Increased Risk

Objective: To scope the current published evidence on cardiovascular risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) focusing on the role of autoantibodies and the effect of antirheumatic agents. Methods: Two reviews were conducted in parallel: A targeted literature review (TLR) describing the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in RA patients; and a systematic literature review (SLR) identifying and characterizing the association between autoantibody status and CVD risk in RA. A narrative synthesis of the evidence was carried out. Results: A total of 69 publications (49 in the TLR and 20 in the SLR) were included in the qualitative evidence synthesis. The most prevalent topic related to CVD risks in RA was inflammation as a shared mechanism behind both RA morbidity and atherosclerotic processes. Published evidence indicated that most of RA patients already had significant CV pathologies at the time of diagnosis, suggesting subclinical CVD may be developing before patients become symptomatic. Four types of autoantibodies (rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies, anti-phospholipid autoantibodies, anti-lipoprotein autoantibodies) showed increased risk of specific cardiovascular events, such as higher risk of cardiovascular death in rheumatoid factor positive patients and higher risk of thrombosis in anti-phospholipid autoantibody positive patients. Conclusion: Autoantibodies appear to increase CVD risk; however, the magnitude of the increase and the types of CVD outcomes affected are still unclear. Prospective studies with larger populations are required to further understand and quantify the association, including the causal pathway, between specific risk factors and CVD outcomes in RA patients.

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