The Mongols and the Islamic World

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Historical Consideration ◽  
Mongol Rule

This book is an epic historical consideration of the Mongol conquest of Western Asia and the spread of Islam during the years of non-Muslim rule. The Mongol conquest of the Islamic world began in the early thirteenth century when Genghis Khan and his warriors overran Central Asia and devastated much of Iran. This book offers a fresh and fascinating consideration of the years of infidel Mongol rule in Western Asia, drawing from an impressive array of primary sources as well as modern studies to demonstrate how Islam not only survived the savagery of the conquest, but spread throughout the empire. The book goes beyond the well-documented Mongol campaigns of massacre and devastation to explore different aspects of an immense imperial event that encompassed what is now Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Afghanistan, as well as Central Asia and parts of Eastern Europe. It examines in depth the cultural consequences for the incorporated Islamic lands, the Muslims' experience of Mongol sovereignty, and the conquerors' eventual conversion to Islam.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Damaging Effects ◽  
Mongol Rule

This conclusion summarises the book's main findings about the Mongols' conquest of the Islamic world and their eventual conversion to Islam. It first considers the damaging effects of the Mongol invasions on Islamic lands and their people before discussing the weaknesses of the Mongol empire, partly due to the absence of fixed rules for succession. It then examines the Mongol overlordship of many sedentary regions both in the Ilkhanid territories and in Central Asia under client Muslim princes, the fragmentation of the Mongol empire that hastened the development of its constituent parts along divergent lines, and the Islamization of Mongol rulers. It also describes the Mongols' efforts to rehabilitate their conquered territories and the positive results of Mongol rule in the eastern Islamic lands.

Tamim ibn Baḥr' s Journey to the Uyghurs

1948 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Minorsky
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
New Born ◽  
China And India ◽  
Ancient Source ◽  
Source Data

One of the main and most tempting problems for a student of Arab geographers is the analysis of their excursions into the little-explored regions on the periphery of the Islamic world, such as Eastern Europe, Central Asia, China, and India. It is a well known fact that these geographers, intent on Space, are often negligent of Time. On a sixteenth century Turkish map I have found a phantom of America stretched into the shape of a new-born moon, whereas the wastes of Siberia were still marked as the haunts of the traditional Gog and Magog. Thus, too, in the ninth and tenth centuries, the classical period of Arab geography, the scholars felt no compunction in plagiarizing one another, or borrowing from some ancient source data bearing no relation to the contemporary conditions: in the tenth century King Dahum of “common origin” still figured among, the rulers of India, although this name referred to Dharmapala, the ruler of Bengal about A.D. 800.

The Yak, the Bear and the Dragon: Uneasy Bedfellows. A Cautionary Tale of Russian and Chinese Influences on Mongolian History

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Thomas Nivison Haining
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
North China ◽  
Near East ◽  
Cautionary Tale

In the early thirteenth century Chinggis Khan used Central Asia and North China and then throughout the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries his successors used China, Eastern Europe, the Near East, even Vietnam, Burma and Korea, as battlegrounds for their campaigns of conquest. Little, perhaps, did the Mongol Great Khans think that some six or seven centuries later their homeland would itself be a battleground, fought over politically if not actually militarily by the empires of Russia and China and by the Communist powers which succeeded those two empires.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Islamic World ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
Mongol Rule

This book examines the ways that the Islamic world (Dār al-Islām) was affected by the campaigns of conquest by the armies of Temüjin, better known as Chinggis Khan (d. 1227), and his first three successors, under whom the empire of the Mongols (or Tatars) came to embrace all the Muslim territories east of Syria and the Byzantine Greek oecumene. It also analyses the character of Mongol rule over Muslims down to, and just beyond, the conversion to Islam of the various khans, as well as the longer-term legacy of subjection to the infidel. The book addresses a number of questions; for example, how destructive for the Islamic territories were the campaigns of Mongol conquest, and how far the damage was compounded by the subsequent wars between hostile Mongol khanates.

scholarly journals Türaqai Güregen (d. 1296–7) and His Lineage: History of a Cross-Asia Journey

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1189-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishayahu Landa
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Unsuccessful Attempt ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Military ◽  
Mongol Rule

AbstractThe history of the Mongol conquests in Eurasia was not least the history of the numerous migrations of masses of people across the continent. This essay discusses one specific case study, namely that of the Mongol commander and Chinggisid imperial son-in-law Türaqai of the Oyirad tribe and his lineage throughout the thirteenth century. He himself was probably born in Iran or Iraq. His family, however, came from Mongolia to Iran during the Mongol conquests. The article discusses Türaqai’s life, in particular his (and his army’s) flight from the Ilkhanate to the Mamlūk Sultanate in 1296. He also made an unsuccessful attempt to become part of the Mamlūk military, which costed him and his close supporters their lives. Looking through the lenses of this biographical narrative, the essay presents a broader picture of the military nomadic migrations in Chinggisid Eurasia and their mechanisms. The essay also pays special attention to the position of the Chinggisid sons-in-law, who held a highly respected status in the Mongol political architecture. Additionally, it highlights some main issues related to the migration of the nomadic tribes and their resettlement in the newly conquered areas under the Mongol rule, such as assimilation, conversion to Islam and the different dimensions of their relations with the local populations.

ʿAbdallāh ʿAzzām and Palestine

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 353-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hegghammer
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Israel Defense Forces ◽  
Foreign Fighters

ʿAbdallāh ʿAzzām (1941–1989) helped make jihadism more transnational by spearheading the effort to bring Muslim foreign fighters to Afghanistan in the 1980s. But why would a West Bank native devote himself to a war in Central Asia and not to the Palestinian struggle? In order to understand ʿAzzām’s unusual ideological trajectory, this article examines his relationship with Palestine, notably his experiences growing up in the territories, the extent of his involvement in the armed Palestinian struggle, and his views on the conflict with Israel. The article draws on previously underexploited primary sources, including ʿAzzām’s own writings, rare Arabic-language biographies, and interviews with family members. I argue that ʿAzzām’s Palestinian background predisposed him to transnational militancy. His exile in 1967 made him an aggrieved and rootless citizen of the Islamic world. His time fighting the Israel Defense Forces with the Fedayeen in 1969–70 gave him a taste of combat and a glimpse of pan-Islamic solidarity in practice. The inaccessibility of the battlefield after 1970 combined with ʿAzzām’s distaste for the leftist PLO led him to pursue the more accessible jihad in Afghanistan instead. There, he hoped to build an Islamist army that could reconquer Palestine. When Ḥamās rose as a military organization in the late 1980s, ʿAzzām embraced and supported it. Thus ʿAzzām was, to some extent, a byproduct of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.


Averting AIDS Crises in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusoji Adeyi ◽  
Enis Baris ◽  
Sarbani Chakraborty ◽  
Thomas Novotny ◽  
Ross Pavis
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Asia

scholarly journals Plague and the Fall of Baghdad (1258)

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-177
Author(s):  
Nahyan Fancy ◽  
Monica H. Green
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Abbasid Caliphate ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
A Minor

AbstractThe recent suggestion that the late medieval Eurasian plague pandemic, the Black Death, had its origins in the thirteenth century rather than the fourteenth century has brought new scrutiny to texts reporting ‘epidemics’ in the earlier period. Evidence both from Song China and Iran suggests that plague was involved in major sieges laid by the Mongols between the 1210s and the 1250s, including the siege of Baghdad in 1258 which resulted in the fall of the Abbasid caliphate. In fact, re-examination of multiple historical accounts in the two centuries after the siege of Baghdad shows that the role of epidemic disease in the Mongol attacks was commonly known among chroniclers in Syria and Egypt, raising the question why these outbreaks have been overlooked in modern historiography of plague. The present study looks in detail at the evidence in Arabic sources for disease outbreaks after the siege of Baghdad in Iraq and its surrounding regions. We find subtle factors in the documentary record to explain why, even though plague received new scrutiny from physicians in the period, it remained a minor feature in stories about the Mongol invasion of western Asia. In contemporary understandings of the genesis of epidemics, the Mongols were not seen to have brought plague to Baghdad; they caused plague to arise by their rampant destruction. When an even bigger wave of plague struck the Islamic world in the fourteenth century, no association was made with the thirteenth-century episode. Rather, plague was now associated with the Mongol world as a whole.

scholarly journals Worldwide Genetic Structure Elucidates the Eurasian Origin and Invasion Pathways of Dothistroma septosporum, Causal Agent of Dothistroma Needle Blight

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Martin S. Mullett ◽  
Rein Drenkhan ◽  
Kalev Adamson ◽  
Piotr Boroń ◽  
Anna Lenart-Boroń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Invasion Pathways ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Dothistroma Needle Blight ◽  
Migration Pathways ◽  
Dothistroma Septosporum ◽  
Needle Blight

Dothistroma septosporum, the primary causal agent of Dothistroma needle blight, is one of the most significant foliar pathogens of pine worldwide. Its wide host and environmental ranges have led to its global success as a pathogen and severe economic damage to pine forests in many regions. This comprehensive global population study elucidated the historical migration pathways of the pathogen to reveal the Eurasian origin of the fungus. When over 3800 isolates were examined, three major population clusters were revealed: North America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe, with distinct subclusters in the highly diverse Eastern European cluster. Modeling of historical scenarios using approximate Bayesian computation revealed the North American cluster was derived from an ancestral population in Eurasia. The Northeastern European subcluster was shown to be ancestral to all other European clusters and subclusters. The Turkish subcluster diverged first, followed by the Central European subcluster, then the Western European cluster, which has subsequently spread to much of the Southern Hemisphere. All clusters and subclusters contained both mating-types of the fungus, indicating the potential for sexual reproduction, although asexual reproduction remained the primary mode of reproduction. The study strongly suggests the native range of D. septosporum to be in Eastern Europe (i.e., the Baltic and Western Russia) and Western Asia.

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