scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on Pupal Development of the Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae COQ. and a Method to Control the Timing of Adult Emergence

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki NAKAMORI ◽  
Hiroshi SOEMORI ◽  
Hiroyuki KAKINOHANA
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Melon Fly

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE EMERGENCE OF OVERWINTERING PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE) AND ITS PARASITE APANTELES ORNIGIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN NOVA SCOTIA

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (9) ◽  
pp. 1203-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert ◽  
K. B. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Phyllonorycter Blancardella ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Threshold Of Development

AbstractAdult emergence of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.), and its primary endoparasite, Apanteles ornigis Weed, from overwintering pupae was studied at five constant temperatures. Days to 50% emergence for P. blancardella were 55.4, 24.4, 14.4, 10.8, and 8.3 and for A. ornigis were ∞, 47.8, 25.6, 17.6, and 15.1 at 8°, 12°, 16°, 20°, and 24 °C, respectively. The rate of pupal development was approximately a linear function of temperature for P. blancardella but was nonlinear for A. ornigis. The threshold of development, estimated from the 50% emergence data, was 4.4 ±.33 °C for the host and 9.6 ±.50 °C for the parasite. The development time for the host was approximately one half that for the parasite at temperatures 12°–24 °C. The difference in emergence dates between host and parasite under normal Nova Scotia conditions was predicted to be 35 days. The timing of chemical controls in an integrated pest management program could be predicted from the accumulation of daily development units based on the power function for both species, provided a field study is undertaken to confirm the extrapolation to diurnal temperature regimes.

Effect of Temperature and Host Plant on Survival and Development of Altica litigata Fall

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen V. Pettis ◽  
S. Kristine Braman
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
The Relationship

Altica litigata Fall (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is oligophagus, feeding on numerous plants in the Lythraceae and Onagraceae families which include weeds and cultivated plants, such as primroses (Oenothera spp.) often found in commercial nurseries. Adult A. litigata are important pests of crapemyrtles (Lagerstroemia spp.; Lythraceae) grown in container nurseries in the southern United States. The severity of the pest problem attributed to feeding by these beetles has increased substantially during the past decade. Whereas commonly recommended pesticides easily control these beetles, knowing when to time applications to avoid large defoliation events could focus scouting efforts and prevent economic loss. The objective of our research was to define more closely the relationship between temperature, host plant and development of A. litigata to permit prediction of damaging stages of the beetle on landscape and nursery plants. A. litigata completed development between 15 and 30°C on six weedy or cultivated hosts: Gaura lindheimeri Engelman & A. Gray ‘Siskyou pink’, G. lindheimeri ‘Corries gold’, G. lindheimeri ‘Whirling butterflies’, Oenothera speciosa Nutt., Oenothera laciniata J. Hill and Oenothera missourensis_Simms. Development was optimal on Oenothera spp. Duration of development from eclosion to adult emergence ranged from 13.3 d at 30°C on O. speciosa to 64.0 d at 15°C on G. lindeimeri ‘Whirling butterflies.’ Duration of egg development ranged from 4.5 d at 30°C to 15.8 d at 15°C. The relationship between temperature and rate of development was expressed as a linear thermal unit model for each stage and for combined larval/pupal development. Development parameters varied with host plant. Averaged among the six hosts, larval and pupal development required 237.3 degree-days (DD) above a threshold of 9.2°C. Eggs required 87.5 DD above a 9.8°C threshold. Observation of beetles or feeding injury on indicator plants such as weedy or cultivated Oenothera spp. in late winter or early spring can alert nursery or landscape managers to anticipate a new generation within 300–400 DD above the approximate 10°C developmental threshold used for many DD calculator models for landscape and nursery pests.

scholarly journals Impact of conventional insecticides on two bollworms and their indirect effects on the ectoparasitoid, Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mervat A. Kandil ◽  
Hemat Z. Moustafa
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Pectinophora Gossypiella ◽  
Earias Insulana ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae

Abstract Background Cotton bollworms such as Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana are serious pests which destroy the cotton plant, and Bracon brevicornis is a parasitoid which attacked the larvae of bollworms. Results In this study, experiments were performed to investigate and evaluate the toxicity of etofenprox and chlorpyrifos insecticides against newly hatched larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana. Some biological aspects of compound effects on larval and pupal duration, percentage of mortality, and percentage of adult emergence which resulted from treated newly hatched larvae were studied. The results revealed that LC50 was 0.7 and 0.87 ppm when P. gossypiella was treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, respectively, while LC50 was 0.09 and 0.73 ppm when E. insulana was treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The obtained results showed that the percentage of mean larval mortality was 65.0 and 63.0% for treated P. gossypiella, while it was 71.0 and 66.0% for treated E. insulana. The corresponding figure for pupal percentage mortality was 8.0 and 10.0% for treated P. gossypiella, but it was 5.0 and 2.0% for treated E. insulana, with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, and a prolongation effect in larval and pupal development (total immature stage) resulted from treated both bollworms as follows: 35.5 and 32.4 days for treated P. gossypiella compared with 21.9 days in control and 34.7 and 23.2 days for treated E. insulana compared with 23.1 days in control. The indirect effect of etofenprox and chlorpyrifos on the total immature stage of Bracon brevicornis was 18.2 and 19.5 days compared with 14.3 days in control when B. brevicornis parasitized on P. gossypiella larvae while it was 19.8 and 20.6 days compared with 15.2 days when B. brevicornis parasitized on E. insulana larvae. Conclusion The life cycle of B. brevicornis after parasitism on P. gossypiella and E. insulana larvae treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos were increased than the control larvae.

Pupal Development and Adult Emergence Patterns of the Mexican Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Spurgeon ◽  
P. D. Lingren ◽  
J. R. Raulston ◽  
T. N. Shaver
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Mexican Rice Borer

The effect of temperature on the consumption of fat during pupal development inGlossina.

1960 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bursell
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Pupal Period ◽  
Fat Consumption ◽  
Different Temperatures

The size-specific fat content of tsetse flies recently emerged from their puparia was determined and by comparison with the size-specific fat content of newly deposited larvae an estimate was obtained of the consumption of fat during pupal development. Experiments withGlossina morsitansWestw. were carried out at a number of different temperatures and it was found that the amount of fat consumed was least at temperatures between 22 and 24°C.Knowing the duration of the pupal period at different temperatures, the rate of fat consumption could be calculated and the logarithm of this rate was found to be linearly related to temperature. The occurrence of an optimum temperature in respect of fat consumption thus reflects the fact that at high temperatures the rate of fat consumption is greatly increased without a corresponding reduction in the duration of the pupal period, whereas at low temperatures the pupal period is very greatly lengthened without a corresponding decrease in the rate of fat consumption.

Avermectins: a review of their impact on insects of cattle dung

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Strong
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Delayed Reactions ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Actual Loss

AbstractAvermectins administered to cattle for control of parasitic infections by injection or slow-release bolus are excreted in the faeces and have a variety of harmful effects upon Diptera and Coleoptera that develop in cow-pats: these effects are reviewed. Diptera Cyclorrhapha are severely affected, the extent of the response depending on the drug concentration in the dung. At high levels, larvae are killed or paralysed while at lower levels their metamorphosis is inhibited. At very low levels, adult emergence is reduced and a significant number of imagines show morphological abnormalities. These responses are induced by concentrations of avermectins well below levels occurring in faeces after routine treatment. Diptera Nematocera are less sensitive than Cyclorrhapha but larval and pupal development are affected at higher dose levels. Larval dung beetles and some immature adults cannot survive in the pats of recently dosed livestock. Mature adult beetles are more resistant, but contact with treated dung leads to impaired reproduction. Dung eliminated up to 5 weeks after cattle have been treated with a single injection or up to 14 days after topical dosing shows harmful activity against dung insects, and ivermectin-containing pats retain much of their toxicity after several weeks exposure on pastureland. The impact on dung insects is more pronounced and of longer duration when ivermectin is delivered daily at 40 μg per kg cow by sustained-release bolus. Following topical or injection treatments, the rate of cow-pat degradation (measured by actual loss of biomass) is significantly delayed. When cattle are treated with a bolus delivering 40 mg ivermectin per kg cow per day, their dung remains intact on grassland for at least three months. The conclusions drawn from the various papers on these effects are compared and contrasted. In particular, attention is drawn to the general failure to recognize the importance of delayed reactions to non-lethal doses of avermectins, and to our lack of consideration of long-term consequences for cow-pat insects and the wider implications for ecology.

scholarly journals Effect of energetic cost to maintain the trap for Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) in its development and adult size

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Lima ◽  
D. C. R. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Plastic Containers

Abstract Antlion larvae Myrmeleon brasiliensis Návas, 1914 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) are sit-and-wait predators who build traps to catch their prey. The aim of this study was to observe under laboratory conditions, how the energy cost spent on maintenance of their traps affects: the larval developmental time, time spent as a pupa, mortality rate of larvae and adult size. M. brasiliensis larvae were collected in the municipality of Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil and were individually maintained in plastic containers and subjected to two treatments. In the control treatment larvae did not have their traps disturbed while in the manipulated treatment, larvae had their traps disturbed three times a week. The experiments were followed until adult emergence. When the adults emerged, their body size (head-abdomen), anterior and posterior wing span and width were measured. Furthermore, the number of larvae that died during the experiment was recorded. The results showed that the larvae whose traps were manipulated had longer larval development time, smaller pupal development time and were smaller adults. It can be concluded that the energy expenditure spent on maintenance of the trap constructed by M. brasiliensis larvae can affect the development of negative ways, represented by a longer larval development and reduced adult size.

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