EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE EMERGENCE OF OVERWINTERING PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE) AND ITS PARASITE APANTELES ORNIGIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN NOVA SCOTIA

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (9) ◽  
pp. 1203-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert ◽  
K. B. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Phyllonorycter Blancardella ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Threshold Of Development

AbstractAdult emergence of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.), and its primary endoparasite, Apanteles ornigis Weed, from overwintering pupae was studied at five constant temperatures. Days to 50% emergence for P. blancardella were 55.4, 24.4, 14.4, 10.8, and 8.3 and for A. ornigis were ∞, 47.8, 25.6, 17.6, and 15.1 at 8°, 12°, 16°, 20°, and 24 °C, respectively. The rate of pupal development was approximately a linear function of temperature for P. blancardella but was nonlinear for A. ornigis. The threshold of development, estimated from the 50% emergence data, was 4.4 ±.33 °C for the host and 9.6 ±.50 °C for the parasite. The development time for the host was approximately one half that for the parasite at temperatures 12°–24 °C. The difference in emergence dates between host and parasite under normal Nova Scotia conditions was predicted to be 35 days. The timing of chemical controls in an integrated pest management program could be predicted from the accumulation of daily development units based on the power function for both species, provided a field study is undertaken to confirm the extrapolation to diurnal temperature regimes.

scholarly journals Effect of energetic cost to maintain the trap for Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) in its development and adult size

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Lima ◽  
D. C. R. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Plastic Containers

Abstract Antlion larvae Myrmeleon brasiliensis Návas, 1914 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) are sit-and-wait predators who build traps to catch their prey. The aim of this study was to observe under laboratory conditions, how the energy cost spent on maintenance of their traps affects: the larval developmental time, time spent as a pupa, mortality rate of larvae and adult size. M. brasiliensis larvae were collected in the municipality of Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil and were individually maintained in plastic containers and subjected to two treatments. In the control treatment larvae did not have their traps disturbed while in the manipulated treatment, larvae had their traps disturbed three times a week. The experiments were followed until adult emergence. When the adults emerged, their body size (head-abdomen), anterior and posterior wing span and width were measured. Furthermore, the number of larvae that died during the experiment was recorded. The results showed that the larvae whose traps were manipulated had longer larval development time, smaller pupal development time and were smaller adults. It can be concluded that the energy expenditure spent on maintenance of the trap constructed by M. brasiliensis larvae can affect the development of negative ways, represented by a longer larval development and reduced adult size.

Modelling development time of Lipaphis erysimi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at constant and variable temperatures

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Sheng Liu ◽  
Xue-Duo Meng
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Lipaphis Erysimi ◽  
Weibull Function ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Logistic Curve ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Natural Temperature

AbstractThe development period from birth to adult of virginoparae of the turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), at 14 constant, 15 alternating and 15 natural temperature regimes were modelled to determine mathematical functions for simulating aphid development under a wide range of natural conditions. The day-degree model, the logistic equation, and the Wang model were used to describe the relationships between temperature and development rate at constant and alternating temperatures. The three models were then used with a Weibull function describing the distribution of development times, to simulate the development of individuals of cohorts at natural temperature regimes. Comparison of the observed with simulated distributions of adult emergence indicates that all three models can simulate the development of L. erysimiequally well when temperature does not go below 6°C (the notional low temperature threshold of the day-degree model) or above 30°C. When accumulation of temperatures below 6°C becomes substantial, only the logistic curve offers accurate simulations; the other two models give falsely longer durations of development. When accumulation of temperatures above 30°C becomes substantial, the logistic curve and the Wang model offer more accurate simulations than the day-degree model, which tends to produce shorter durations of development. Further analysis of the data reveals that development rate of this aphid at a given unfavourable high temperature may vary with time. Methods for accurately simulating the development time of L. erysimi in the field are suggested. The significance of modelling insect development at low and high temperatures by non-linear models is discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of temperature and diet on Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) development with special reference to Isomegalen diagram and accumulated degree days

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Defilippo ◽  
A. Grisendi ◽  
S. Savoldelli ◽  
D. Torri ◽  
M. Dottori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Plodia Interpunctella ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Immature Development ◽  
Indian Meal ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

Immature development times of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella were studied in the laboratory at four different constant temperatures (20, 23, 25, 27°C) reared on a standard diet (D1) and chocolate (D2). The minimal duration of development from oviposition to adult emergence was inversely related to temperature, ranging from 2.3±0.36 days to 50.5±0.5 days for D1 and from 36.7±0.53 days to 106.73±1.10 days for D2 for 27°C and 20°C, respectively. The minimum development threshold (tL), obtained from linear regression model of the development rates at the four studied constant temperature regimes, for total immature development is 15.3°C and 17.1°C for D1 and D2, respectively and the accumulated degree days (ADD) for P. interpunctella is 249.51°C for D1 and 358.4°C for D2 above the threshold.

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND OF TEMPERATURE PRETREATMENT ON DIAPAUSE AND ON THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF ADULT EMERGENCE IN MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 889-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Krunic ◽  
C. F. Hinks
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Moderate Temperature ◽  
Prior Treatment ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Megachile Rotundata ◽  
Optimal Range ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Temperature Pretreatment ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Diapause Development

AbstractThe effect of temperature on prepupal diapause development in the hymenopteran Megachile rotundata (F.) was investigated by storing prepupae at various temperatures from −20° to 28 °C prior to final incubation at 28 °C. Preincubation temperatures of 5°, 10°, and 15 °C proved equally effective for diapause development and for the synchronization of adult emergence. Lower temperatures resulted in less synchronous emergence and higher mortality. When prepupae were exposed to more moderate temperature regimes prior to storage at lower temperatures, adult emergence became more synchronized and mortality declined. A high percentage of bees emerged after storage at 20 °C but their emergence was poorly synchronized. Over 50% of the prepupae stored at 28 °C developed without prior treatment at lower temperature but emergence was even less synchronized. The results of these experiments show that all prepupae diapause but the rate of diapause development becomes increasingly variable above and below an optimal range of 5° to 15 °C.

Effect of temperature on the development, oviposition, and mortality of Tribolium audax Halstead and Tribolium madens (Charpentier) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1189-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Smith ◽  
P. S. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Oviposition Period ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Development Times ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pupal Mortality ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

The effect of temperature on development time, oviposition, and mortality of the sibling species Tribolium audax Halstead and Tribolium madens (Charpentier) was investigated in the laboratory. The mean development times of T. madens, not including slow-developing larvae, ranged from 54 days at 25 °C and 75% RH to 24 days at 35 °C and 75% RH. The corresponding mean development times for T. audax were 50.5–27.4 days. At 25 °C and below, the larvae of each species separated into two groups, one continuing to the adult stage and the other entering a resting stage. The resting stage could not be broken by a period of 2 weeks at −5 °C. The slow-developing larvae required 4 to 5 times as long to complete their development as those that developed rapidly. Slow-developing larvae of T. madens that had been at 17.5 °C and 75% RH for 658 days, and of T. audax that had been in the same conditions for 908 days, could complete development when placed at 27.5 °C and 75% RH. Peak oviposition for T. madens occurred at 17 weeks after adult emergence at both 27.5 and 30 °C; the total oviposition period was 47 weeks at 30 °C and 60 weeks at 27.5 °C. Peak oviposition for T. audax occurred at 6 weeks at both 27.5 and 30 °C; the total oviposition period was 36 weeks at 30 °C and 59 weeks at 27.5 °C. Larval and pupal mortality was low at 25 °C or above in T. madens and T. audax. Below 25 °C the survival rate of T. madens was somewhat higher than that for T. audax.

Effect of Temperature and Host Plant on Survival and Development of Altica litigata Fall

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen V. Pettis ◽  
S. Kristine Braman
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
The Relationship

Altica litigata Fall (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is oligophagus, feeding on numerous plants in the Lythraceae and Onagraceae families which include weeds and cultivated plants, such as primroses (Oenothera spp.) often found in commercial nurseries. Adult A. litigata are important pests of crapemyrtles (Lagerstroemia spp.; Lythraceae) grown in container nurseries in the southern United States. The severity of the pest problem attributed to feeding by these beetles has increased substantially during the past decade. Whereas commonly recommended pesticides easily control these beetles, knowing when to time applications to avoid large defoliation events could focus scouting efforts and prevent economic loss. The objective of our research was to define more closely the relationship between temperature, host plant and development of A. litigata to permit prediction of damaging stages of the beetle on landscape and nursery plants. A. litigata completed development between 15 and 30°C on six weedy or cultivated hosts: Gaura lindheimeri Engelman & A. Gray ‘Siskyou pink’, G. lindheimeri ‘Corries gold’, G. lindheimeri ‘Whirling butterflies’, Oenothera speciosa Nutt., Oenothera laciniata J. Hill and Oenothera missourensis_Simms. Development was optimal on Oenothera spp. Duration of development from eclosion to adult emergence ranged from 13.3 d at 30°C on O. speciosa to 64.0 d at 15°C on G. lindeimeri ‘Whirling butterflies.’ Duration of egg development ranged from 4.5 d at 30°C to 15.8 d at 15°C. The relationship between temperature and rate of development was expressed as a linear thermal unit model for each stage and for combined larval/pupal development. Development parameters varied with host plant. Averaged among the six hosts, larval and pupal development required 237.3 degree-days (DD) above a threshold of 9.2°C. Eggs required 87.5 DD above a 9.8°C threshold. Observation of beetles or feeding injury on indicator plants such as weedy or cultivated Oenothera spp. in late winter or early spring can alert nursery or landscape managers to anticipate a new generation within 300–400 DD above the approximate 10°C developmental threshold used for many DD calculator models for landscape and nursery pests.

scholarly journals The Respiration of some Planktonic copepods II. The Effect Of Temperature

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Gauld ◽  
J. E. G. Raymont
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Acartia Clausi ◽  
Temora Longicornis ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Planktonic Copepods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The respiratory rates of three species of planktonic copepods, Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus and Temora longicornis, were measured at four different temperatures.The relationship between respiratory rate and temperature was found to be similar to that previously found for Calanus, although the slope of the curves differed in the different species.The observations on Centropages at 13 and 170 C. can be divided into two groups and it is suggested that the differences are due to the use of copepods from two different generations.The relationship between the respiratory rates and lengths of Acartia and Centropages agreed very well with that previously found for other species. That for Temora was rather different: the difference is probably due to the distinct difference in the shape of the body of Temora from those of the other species.The application of these measurements to estimates of the food requirements of the copepods is discussed.

scholarly journals Is High Whitefly Abundance on Cassava in Sub-Saharan Africa Driven by Biological Traits of a Specific, Cryptic Bemisia tabaci Species?

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Habibu Mugerwa ◽  
Peter Sseruwagi ◽  
John Colvin ◽  
Susan Seal
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Population Development ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

In East Africa, the prevalent Bemisia tabaci whiteflies on the food security crop cassava are classified as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) species. Economically damaging cassava whitefly populations were associated with the SSA2 species in the 1990s, but more recently, it has been to SSA1 species. To investigate whether biological traits (number of first instar nymphs, emerged adults, proportion of females in progeny and development time) of the cassava whitefly species are significant drivers of the observed field abundance, our study determined the development of SSA1 sub-group (SG) 1 (5 populations), SG2 (5 populations), SG3 (1 population) and SSA2 (1 population) on cassava and eggplant under laboratory conditions. SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 populations’ development traits were similar. Regardless of the host plant, SSA1-SG2 populations had the highest number of first instar nymphs (60.6 ± 3.4) and emerged adults (50.9 ± 3.6), followed by SSA1-SG1 (55.5 ± 3.2 and 44.6 ± 3.3), SSA2 (45.8 ± 5.7 and 32.6 ± 5.1) and the lowest were SSA1-SG3 (34.2 ± 6.1 and 32.0 ± 7.1) populations. SSA1-SG3 population had the shortest egg–adult emergence development time (26.7 days), followed by SSA1-SG1 (29.1 days), SSA1-SG2 (29.6 days) and SSA2 (32.2 days). Regardless of the whitefly population, development time was significantly shorter on eggplant (25.1 ± 0.9 days) than cassava (34.6 ± 1.0 days). These results support that SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 B. tabaci can become highly abundant on cassava, with their species classification alone not correlating with observed abundance and prevalence.

scholarly journals Impact of conventional insecticides on two bollworms and their indirect effects on the ectoparasitoid, Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mervat A. Kandil ◽  
Hemat Z. Moustafa
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Pectinophora Gossypiella ◽  
Earias Insulana ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae

Abstract Background Cotton bollworms such as Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana are serious pests which destroy the cotton plant, and Bracon brevicornis is a parasitoid which attacked the larvae of bollworms. Results In this study, experiments were performed to investigate and evaluate the toxicity of etofenprox and chlorpyrifos insecticides against newly hatched larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana. Some biological aspects of compound effects on larval and pupal duration, percentage of mortality, and percentage of adult emergence which resulted from treated newly hatched larvae were studied. The results revealed that LC50 was 0.7 and 0.87 ppm when P. gossypiella was treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, respectively, while LC50 was 0.09 and 0.73 ppm when E. insulana was treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The obtained results showed that the percentage of mean larval mortality was 65.0 and 63.0% for treated P. gossypiella, while it was 71.0 and 66.0% for treated E. insulana. The corresponding figure for pupal percentage mortality was 8.0 and 10.0% for treated P. gossypiella, but it was 5.0 and 2.0% for treated E. insulana, with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, and a prolongation effect in larval and pupal development (total immature stage) resulted from treated both bollworms as follows: 35.5 and 32.4 days for treated P. gossypiella compared with 21.9 days in control and 34.7 and 23.2 days for treated E. insulana compared with 23.1 days in control. The indirect effect of etofenprox and chlorpyrifos on the total immature stage of Bracon brevicornis was 18.2 and 19.5 days compared with 14.3 days in control when B. brevicornis parasitized on P. gossypiella larvae while it was 19.8 and 20.6 days compared with 15.2 days when B. brevicornis parasitized on E. insulana larvae. Conclusion The life cycle of B. brevicornis after parasitism on P. gossypiella and E. insulana larvae treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos were increased than the control larvae.

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