scholarly journals Effect of energetic cost to maintain the trap for Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) in its development and adult size

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Lima ◽  
D. C. R. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Plastic Containers

Abstract Antlion larvae Myrmeleon brasiliensis Návas, 1914 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) are sit-and-wait predators who build traps to catch their prey. The aim of this study was to observe under laboratory conditions, how the energy cost spent on maintenance of their traps affects: the larval developmental time, time spent as a pupa, mortality rate of larvae and adult size. M. brasiliensis larvae were collected in the municipality of Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil and were individually maintained in plastic containers and subjected to two treatments. In the control treatment larvae did not have their traps disturbed while in the manipulated treatment, larvae had their traps disturbed three times a week. The experiments were followed until adult emergence. When the adults emerged, their body size (head-abdomen), anterior and posterior wing span and width were measured. Furthermore, the number of larvae that died during the experiment was recorded. The results showed that the larvae whose traps were manipulated had longer larval development time, smaller pupal development time and were smaller adults. It can be concluded that the energy expenditure spent on maintenance of the trap constructed by M. brasiliensis larvae can affect the development of negative ways, represented by a longer larval development and reduced adult size.

scholarly journals Influence of parasitoid Paravilla sp. (Diptera, Bombyliidae) on the development of larvae of Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Návas, 1914) (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Lucimara Modesto Nonato ◽  
Gustavo Graciolli ◽  
Tatiane Do Nascimento Lima
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Adult Sex Ratio ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Host Death ◽  
Antlion Larvae

Parasitoids manipulate the host metabolism for their own benefit by influencing its development and the direct or indirect result of it is the host death. This study aimed to observe the influence of parasitoidism of Paravilla sp. (Diptera, Bombyliidae) on the development of antlion larvae Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Návas, 1914) (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). The specific objectives were to verify in which larval instars the parasitoid oviposition occurs, the influence of the parasitoid on the larval and pupal development time of M. brasiliensis, the differences in body length of the antlion larvae, as well as of the sex ratio of M. brasiliensis adults. For this, the larvae were differentiated in 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar and measures on body length (head-abdomen) and accompanied until the emergence of the adult. It was observed that the parasitoid Paravilla sp. attacked only the 2nd and 3rd instar larvae. The parasitoid Paravilla sp. oviposited only in 2nd and 3rd instars larvae. No significant differences were observed on larval development time, in the larval body length and in the adult sex ratio between groups of parasitized and non-parasitized M. brasiliensis larvae, however, was observed differences in the pupal development time of these two groups. Thus, we can conclude that the parasitoid Paravilla sp. influences the development time of M. brasiliensis pupal.

Effect of light–dark cycles on adult emergence in the aphid parasite Aphidius smithi

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1201-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mackauer ◽  
D. H. Henkelman
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Light ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Aphid Parasite ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Statistical Artifact ◽  
Gating Effect ◽  
Sampling Schedule ◽  
Effect Of Light

Adult emergence in Aphidius smithi is asynchronous in continuous light. A regime of alternating light and dark phases during pupal development and emergence generates a population rhythm. Under long-day conditions (LD 16:8), eclosion is restricted to the photophase, or largely so. When the scotophase is extended (LD 12:12 and 8:16), a variable proportion of adults emerges in the absence of light. Estimates of the time-to-adult that are based on the mean of the discontinuous frequency distribution of emergence time in LD are biased and may not be biologically meaningful. It is suggested that an apparently longer mean developmental time of females than of males in A. smithi may be a statistical artifact that can be produced by the sampling schedule and the "gating" effect of the photoperiod.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE EMERGENCE OF OVERWINTERING PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE) AND ITS PARASITE APANTELES ORNIGIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN NOVA SCOTIA

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (9) ◽  
pp. 1203-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert ◽  
K. B. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Phyllonorycter Blancardella ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Threshold Of Development

AbstractAdult emergence of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.), and its primary endoparasite, Apanteles ornigis Weed, from overwintering pupae was studied at five constant temperatures. Days to 50% emergence for P. blancardella were 55.4, 24.4, 14.4, 10.8, and 8.3 and for A. ornigis were ∞, 47.8, 25.6, 17.6, and 15.1 at 8°, 12°, 16°, 20°, and 24 °C, respectively. The rate of pupal development was approximately a linear function of temperature for P. blancardella but was nonlinear for A. ornigis. The threshold of development, estimated from the 50% emergence data, was 4.4 ±.33 °C for the host and 9.6 ±.50 °C for the parasite. The development time for the host was approximately one half that for the parasite at temperatures 12°–24 °C. The difference in emergence dates between host and parasite under normal Nova Scotia conditions was predicted to be 35 days. The timing of chemical controls in an integrated pest management program could be predicted from the accumulation of daily development units based on the power function for both species, provided a field study is undertaken to confirm the extrapolation to diurnal temperature regimes.

Genetic contribution to variation in larval development time, adult size, and longevity of starved adults of Anopheles gambiae

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 410-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tovi Lehmann ◽  
Ryan Dalton ◽  
Eun Hea Kim ◽  
Erica Dahl ◽  
Abdoulaye Diabate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Genetic Contribution

scholarly journals Development time plasticity of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) populations under laboratory conditions

Entomologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Berardi ◽  
M. Branco ◽  
M.R. Paiva ◽  
H. Santos ◽  
A. Battisti
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Thaumetopoea Pityocampa ◽  
Pine Processionary Moth ◽  
Processionary Moth ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Two Populations

The pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae) is a univoltine defoliator that is active over a wide range of latitudes and elevations, being largely influenced by temperature variations, especially during larval development across the winter. This work compares field development time with that observed in the laboratory rearing under controlled conditions, in four Th. pityocampa populations characterized by different life history phenology: two populations from the Italian Alps characterized by early and late adult emergence, and two populations from Portugal, the first characterized by winter feeding and late adult emergence, the second by a switch of the larval feeding from winter to summer. The rearing started from the egg stage and was maintained in the laboratory at 20-25°C under natural light in transparent boxes. In spite of the different geographic origins and asynchrony of the period of larval development, all populations maintained an annual life cycle under laboratory conditions, as well as a phenology similar to that of the field populations. Such an outcome was possible due to a trade-off in the duration of the larval and pupal stages, the latter being identified as the phase of development when an efficient regulatory mechanism is acting to maintain the univoltine life cycle.

Dietary Supplementation With Vitamins and Minerals Improves Larvae and Adult Rearing Conditions of Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora Aline Souza Nascimento ◽  
Frances Tatiane Tavares Trindade ◽  
Alexandre de Almeida e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Anopheles Darlingi ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Rearing Conditions

Abstract Several experiments with Anopheles darlingi Root, an important malaria vector in the Amazon region, were carried out in the laboratory, depending on the large-scale production of viable larvae and adults. Certainly, improvements in rearing conditions, including dietary requirements, can strongly affect mosquito production. In order to increase the production of this species in the laboratory, we first supplemented the regular larval diet (TetraMin Tropical Flakes) with different concentrations of vitamins and minerals and recorded several biological variables: survival and larval development time, emergence ratio, and adult longevity under a small-scale rearing condition. Second, we established an experimental design under regular lab-rearing conditions based on the concentration of vitamins and minerals that best contributed to the development of these anophelines, and evaluated the biological parameters already mentioned. Moreover, under regular rearing conditions, we recorded sex ratio, adult size, and longevity of adults fed with supplemented sucrose. The lowest concentration of vitamins (V5) and the average concentration of minerals (M3) increased larval survival and decreased larval development time compared with the control. Under regular rearing conditions, minerals provided higher larval survival and increased the longevity of adults fed with supplemented sucrose. Supplementing the regular larval diet and sucrose solutions with vitamins and minerals increased the production of immatures and the longevity of An. darlingi adults.

scholarly journals Is High Whitefly Abundance on Cassava in Sub-Saharan Africa Driven by Biological Traits of a Specific, Cryptic Bemisia tabaci Species?

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Habibu Mugerwa ◽  
Peter Sseruwagi ◽  
John Colvin ◽  
Susan Seal
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Population Development ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

In East Africa, the prevalent Bemisia tabaci whiteflies on the food security crop cassava are classified as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) species. Economically damaging cassava whitefly populations were associated with the SSA2 species in the 1990s, but more recently, it has been to SSA1 species. To investigate whether biological traits (number of first instar nymphs, emerged adults, proportion of females in progeny and development time) of the cassava whitefly species are significant drivers of the observed field abundance, our study determined the development of SSA1 sub-group (SG) 1 (5 populations), SG2 (5 populations), SG3 (1 population) and SSA2 (1 population) on cassava and eggplant under laboratory conditions. SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 populations’ development traits were similar. Regardless of the host plant, SSA1-SG2 populations had the highest number of first instar nymphs (60.6 ± 3.4) and emerged adults (50.9 ± 3.6), followed by SSA1-SG1 (55.5 ± 3.2 and 44.6 ± 3.3), SSA2 (45.8 ± 5.7 and 32.6 ± 5.1) and the lowest were SSA1-SG3 (34.2 ± 6.1 and 32.0 ± 7.1) populations. SSA1-SG3 population had the shortest egg–adult emergence development time (26.7 days), followed by SSA1-SG1 (29.1 days), SSA1-SG2 (29.6 days) and SSA2 (32.2 days). Regardless of the whitefly population, development time was significantly shorter on eggplant (25.1 ± 0.9 days) than cassava (34.6 ± 1.0 days). These results support that SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 B. tabaci can become highly abundant on cassava, with their species classification alone not correlating with observed abundance and prevalence.

scholarly journals Impact of conventional insecticides on two bollworms and their indirect effects on the ectoparasitoid, Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mervat A. Kandil ◽  
Hemat Z. Moustafa
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Pectinophora Gossypiella ◽  
Earias Insulana ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae

Abstract Background Cotton bollworms such as Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana are serious pests which destroy the cotton plant, and Bracon brevicornis is a parasitoid which attacked the larvae of bollworms. Results In this study, experiments were performed to investigate and evaluate the toxicity of etofenprox and chlorpyrifos insecticides against newly hatched larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana. Some biological aspects of compound effects on larval and pupal duration, percentage of mortality, and percentage of adult emergence which resulted from treated newly hatched larvae were studied. The results revealed that LC50 was 0.7 and 0.87 ppm when P. gossypiella was treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, respectively, while LC50 was 0.09 and 0.73 ppm when E. insulana was treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The obtained results showed that the percentage of mean larval mortality was 65.0 and 63.0% for treated P. gossypiella, while it was 71.0 and 66.0% for treated E. insulana. The corresponding figure for pupal percentage mortality was 8.0 and 10.0% for treated P. gossypiella, but it was 5.0 and 2.0% for treated E. insulana, with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos, and a prolongation effect in larval and pupal development (total immature stage) resulted from treated both bollworms as follows: 35.5 and 32.4 days for treated P. gossypiella compared with 21.9 days in control and 34.7 and 23.2 days for treated E. insulana compared with 23.1 days in control. The indirect effect of etofenprox and chlorpyrifos on the total immature stage of Bracon brevicornis was 18.2 and 19.5 days compared with 14.3 days in control when B. brevicornis parasitized on P. gossypiella larvae while it was 19.8 and 20.6 days compared with 15.2 days when B. brevicornis parasitized on E. insulana larvae. Conclusion The life cycle of B. brevicornis after parasitism on P. gossypiella and E. insulana larvae treated with etofenprox and chlorpyrifos were increased than the control larvae.

Biological traits of the predatory mirid Macrolophus praeclarus, a candidate biocontrol agent for the Neotropical region

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Meritxell Pérez-Hedo ◽  
Carolina Gallego ◽  
Amy Roda ◽  
Barry Kostyk ◽  
Mónica Triana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Predatory Mirid

Abstract The predatory mirid Macrolophus praeclarus is widely distributed throughout the Americas, and is reported to prey upon several horticultural pest species. However, little is known about its biology, thermal requirements, crop odour preferences, phytophagy, and capability to induce defensive responses in plants. When five temperatures studied (20, 25, 30, 33 and 35°C) were tested and Ephestia kuehniella was used as prey, the developmental time from egg to adult on tomato, was longest at 20°C (56.3 d) and shortest at 33°C (22.7 d). The ability of nymphs to develop to adults decreased as the temperature increased, with the highest number of nymphs reaching the adult stage at 20°C (78.0%) and lowest at 35°C (0%). The lower and upper developmental thresholds were estimated at 11.2° and 35.3°C, respectively. The maximum developmental rate occurred at 31.7°C and the thermal constant was 454.0 ± 8.1 degree days. The highest predation rate of E. kuehniella eggs was obtained at 30°C. In Y-tube olfactory choice tests, M. praeclarus selected tomato, sweet pepper and eggplant odours more frequently than no plant control treatment. Macrolophus praeclarus feeding did not damage tomato plants compared to another zoophytophagous mirid, Nesidiocoris tenuis, which caused necrotic rings. The phytophagy of M. praeclarus induced defensive responses in tomato plants through the upregulation of the jasmonic acid metabolic pathway. The implications of the findings for using M. praeclarus in tomato biological control programmes in the Americas are discussed.

Immature development and adult eclosion of Ufens principalis Owen (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), an egg parasitoid of Homalodisca spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in southern California

2009 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Al-Wahaibi ◽  
J.G. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Southern California ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Adult Eclosion ◽  
Late Night ◽  
Immature Development ◽  
Yellow Orange ◽  
Theoretical Minimum

AbstractThe biology of the immature stages and adult eclosion of Ufens principalis Owen, an important parasitoid of Homalodisca eggs in southern California, were studied. The duration of the egg, larval and pupal stages at 26.7°C were 0–1, 7 and 9 days, respectively. Sacciform larvae, which developed gregariously within host eggs, were motile until about five days of age, and then became sessile. Parasitized host eggs changed from whitish and soft when freshly-laid to yellow-orange and hard at five days and older. This change was accompanied by formation of septal walls separating the mature larvae and pupae. The rate of immature development had a strong positive linear relationship (R2=0.853, n=98) with temperatures in the range of 20.0–30.3°C. The theoretical minimum threshold for immature development was 13.5°C, and the required heat units were 241.0 degree-days. Adult eclosion from host eggs occurred mostly (85%) on the first two days of emergence. Although most females emerged during the morning hours (0600–1200 h), males tended to emerge earlier than females with equal emergence during the morning and late night hours (2400–0600 h). The rate of successful adult emergence was high (88%). The ratio of eclosed adults to the number of exit holes was 1.18, indicating that most adults tended to independently cut their exit holes. The number of exit holes had a strong negative relationship (R2=0.711, n=125) with exit hole size, suggesting that larger numbers of developing immatures per host egg result in an overall decrease in adult size.

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