scholarly journals Perolehan Tio2 Dari Iron Ore Mengandung Titanium Melalui Proses Reduksi Karbon Dan Pelarutan Asam

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Elda Rayhana ◽  
Azwar Manaf
Keyword(s):  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Successive Stage ◽  
Pig Iron ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Fine Powders ◽  
Reduction Of Iron

<span>REDUCTION AND LEACHING PROCESSES<span><strong>. </strong><span>Indonesia has a large source of iron ore <span>which is quite tempting for the purposes of exploitation in form of raw materials as well as <span>for the production of pig iron. However, not all sources of iron ore are proved useful since <span>not only because the present of deposit is scattere dinamounts of less significant but also <span>because it contains element of tin oxide compounds with iron like ilmenite or FeTiO<span>3<span>. <span>However,ilmenite can actually be used as a source of titanium metal which is much more <span>valuable than Fe it self. In order to recover the Ti from their respective compound it is <span>required the release of strong bonds between the atoms in the compound. This paper reports <span>the recovery of Ti oxide of ilmenite containing iron ore which was obtained through a <span>combination of carbon reduction and acid leaching processes. Carbon reduction of iron ore <span>was carried out through mechanical milling between iron ore and carbon with a ratio of 1:1. <span>This was successively followed by a sintering at a temperature of 1000 <span>o<span>C employing a <span>heating rate of 10 ° C/min for 0-3 hours. The reduction process has resulted in the <span>formation of 27.83wt% TiO2. In order to improve the recovery level of TiO<span>2<span>, further <span>reduction process was conducted through an HCl leaching. This successive stage produced <span>fine powders in the form of deposits. Based on our quantitative analysis, the recovery of <span>TiO<span>2 <span>increased to a level of 73.73%.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>

INTEGRAL INDEX OF QUALITY OF IRON ORE RAW MATERIALS AND PREDICTING COMPOSITION OF PIG IRON

Metallurg ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
P.I. Chernousov ◽  
S.N. Seregin ◽  
R.E. Grishin ◽  
Ya.S. Tsvily
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pig Iron ◽  
Integral Index ◽  
Index Of Quality

scholarly journals Fate of titanium in alkaline electro-reduction of sintered titanomagnetite

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Bjareborn ◽  
Tanzeel Arif ◽  
B Monaghan ◽  
Christopher Bumby
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Front ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Ti Oxides ◽  
Iron Metal ◽  
Reduction Of Iron ◽  
Iron Titanate ◽  
Commercial Iron ◽  
Ti Content ◽  
Preferential Alignment

Direct electrochemical reduction of iron ore in concentrated NaOH electrolyte has been proposed as a potential route to substantially reducing the global steel industry’s CO2 emissions. Here, we report the solid-state electro-reduction of sintered pellets formed from titanomagnetite ironsand. This commercial iron ore contains ∼4 wt.% Ti which is directly incorporated within the magnetite lattice. At 110 °C, these pellets are electrochemically reduced and exhibit a well-defined reaction front which moves into the pellet as the reaction progresses. The electro-reduction process selectively produces iron metal, whilst the Ti content is not reduced. Instead, Ti becomes enriched in segregated oxide inclusions, which are subsequently transformed to a sodium iron titanate phase through taking up Na+ from the electrolyte. These inclusions adopt an elongated shape and appear to exhibit locally preferential alignment. This suggests that they may nucleate from the microscopic titanohematite lamellae which naturally occur within the original ironsand particles. The expulsion of contaminant Ti-oxides from the final reduced metal matrix has implications for the potential to development of an industrial electrochemical iron-making process utilising titanomagnetite ore. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.

scholarly journals Slag Formation during Reduction of Iron Oxide Using Hydrogen Plasma Smelting Reduction

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masab Naseri Seftejani ◽  
Johannes Schenk ◽  
Daniel Spreitzer ◽  
Michael Andreas Zarl
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Hydrogen Plasma ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Slag Formation ◽  
Smelting Reduction ◽  
Steel Making ◽  
Reduction Of Iron ◽  
Reduction Behaviour ◽  
Continuous Feeding

Replacing carbon by hydrogen is a huge step towards reducing CO2 emissions in the iron- and steel-making industry. The reduction of iron oxides using hydrogen plasma smelting reduction as an alternative to conventional steel-making routes has been studied at Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Austria. The aim of this work was to study the slag formation during the reduction process and the reduction behaviour of iron oxides. Furthermore the reduction behaviour of iron ore during continuous feeding was assessed. Mixtures of iron ore and calcined lime with a basicity of 0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.3, and 2.9 were melted and reduced by hydrogen. The off-gas composition was measured during the operations to calculate the process parameters. The reduction parameters, namely the degree of reduction, degree of hydrogen utilisation, produced iron, and slag, are presented. The results of the batch-charged experiments showed that at the beginning of the reduction process, the degree of hydrogen utilisation was high, and then, it decreased over the operation time. In contrast, during the continuous-feeding experiment, the degree of hydrogen utilisation could be kept approximately constant. The highest degrees of reduction and hydrogen utilisation were obtained upon the application of a slag with a basicity of 2.3. The experiment showed that upon the continuous feeding of iron ore, the best conditions for the reduction process using hydrogen could be applied.

The Oxidizing Roasting and Reducing Melting of Titaniferous and Conversion Iron Ores

2017 ◽  
Vol 371 ◽  
pp. 117-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey N. Dmitriev ◽  
G.Yu. Vitkina ◽  
R.V. Petukhov ◽  
L.A. Ovchinnikova
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Phase Analysis ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pig Iron ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Melting Temperatures ◽  
Conversion Iron

The chemical composition of pellets of various basicity from pig iron ore materials is described. The metallurgical characteristics (reducibility, strength, softening and melting temperatures) is analyzed. The micro X-ray diffraction phase analysis is made. Also the sinter of various basicity from titaniferous raw materials is investigated.

scholarly journals Physics and Chemistry of Solid State Direct Reduction of Iron Ore by Hydrogen Plasma

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-300
Author(s):  
Kali Charan Sabat
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Hydrogen Plasma ◽  
Standard Free Energy ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
State Reduction ◽  
Reduction Of Iron

Presently, Iron is produced from iron ores by using carbon from coal. The production process is consisting of many stages. The involvement of multi-stages needs high capital investments, large-scale equipments, and produces large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) responsible for environmental pollution. There have been significant efforts to replace carbon with hydrogen (H2). Although H2 is the strongest reductant, it still also has thermodynamic and kinetic limitations. However, these thermodynamic and kinetic limitations could be removed by hydrogen plasma (HP). HP comprises rovibrationally excited molecular, atomic, and ionic states of hydrogen. All of them contribute to thermodynamic advantage by making the Gibbs standard free energy more negative, which makes the reduction of iron oxides feasible at low temperatures. Apart from the thermodynamic advantage, these excited species increase the internal energy of HP, which reduces the activation energy, thereby making the reduction easier and faster. Apart from the thermodynamic and kinetic advantage of HP, the byproduct of the reaction is environmentally benign water. This review discusses the physics and chemistry of iron ore reduction using HP, emphasizing the solid-state reduction of iron ore. HP reduction of iron ore is a high potential and attractive reduction process.

scholarly journals Fate of titanium in alkaline electro-reduction of sintered titanomagnetite

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Bjareborn ◽  
Tanzeel Arif ◽  
B Monaghan ◽  
Christopher Bumby
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Front ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Ti Oxides ◽  
Iron Metal ◽  
Reduction Of Iron ◽  
Iron Titanate ◽  
Commercial Iron ◽  
Ti Content ◽  
Preferential Alignment

Direct electrochemical reduction of iron ore in concentrated NaOH electrolyte has been proposed as a potential route to substantially reducing the global steel industry’s CO2 emissions. Here, we report the solid-state electro-reduction of sintered pellets formed from titanomagnetite ironsand. This commercial iron ore contains ∼4 wt.% Ti which is directly incorporated within the magnetite lattice. At 110 °C, these pellets are electrochemically reduced and exhibit a well-defined reaction front which moves into the pellet as the reaction progresses. The electro-reduction process selectively produces iron metal, whilst the Ti content is not reduced. Instead, Ti becomes enriched in segregated oxide inclusions, which are subsequently transformed to a sodium iron titanate phase through taking up Na+ from the electrolyte. These inclusions adopt an elongated shape and appear to exhibit locally preferential alignment. This suggests that they may nucleate from the microscopic titanohematite lamellae which naturally occur within the original ironsand particles. The expulsion of contaminant Ti-oxides from the final reduced metal matrix has implications for the potential to development of an industrial electrochemical iron-making process utilising titanomagnetite ore. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.

A PROPOSAL OF AN ALTERNATIVE ROUTE FOR THE REDUCTION OF IRON ORE IN THE EASTERN AMAZONIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
L. C. De Lima ◽  
J. B. Furlan Duarte ◽  
T. N. Veziroglu
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Pig Iron ◽  
Alternative Route ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Reduction Of Iron ◽  
Electrolytic Hydrogen ◽  
Direct Reduction Of Iron ◽  
Year 2000

Brazil has decreased the utilization of wood under the form of either charcoal or fuel wood to about 10% of its energy consumption (year 2000). The same is not true for the Brazilian Amazonia where there is a growing demand of charcoal for the production of pig iron in the Greater Carajas Program. The objective of the present study is to verify the feasibility of using electrolytic hydrogen instead of charcoal for the direct reduction of iron ore in that region. Techno, economic and environmental aspects are considered. This study can be benefcial to Brazil in general and Amazonia in particular since natural resources might be preserved and pollution avoided.

Characterisation of Reduction of Iron Ore with Carbonaceous Materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.H. Najmi ◽  
Nur Farhana Diyana Mohd Yunos ◽  
Norinsan Kamil Othman ◽  
Muhammad Asri Idris
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Iron ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Reduction Of Iron ◽  
Stepwise Reduction

An investigation on the reduction of iron ore with carbonaceous material as a reductant was carried out at 1550°C. Iron ore was mixed with biochar from palm shell and coke as a reference at C/O molar ratio of 1.0. Characterisation of raw materials was performed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier Transmittance Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDX). The samples after reduction were characterised to study the phase transformation and structural properties. The XRD results revealed the iron ore contained hematite as its main composition. After reduction at high temperature, the hematite has been successfully reduced to metallic iron using biochar as a reductant. It was found that the reaction proceeded in a stepwise reduction of iron oxide. The SEM micrographs proved the formation of metallic iron in the sample after reduction at 1550°C. Through characterisation, the biochar from palm shell has physical properties suitable to be an alternative carbon reductant to replace coke.

Study on Direct Reduction Process of Cylindrical Briquetting Hematite

2020 ◽  
Vol 988 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Andinnie Juniarsih ◽  
Anistasia Milandia ◽  
Actur Saktianto ◽  
Suryana
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Rate ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Direct Reduction Process ◽  
Rate Study

There are two types of iron resources such as primary iron ore and iron sand. In general, primary iron ores use as raw materials in iron and steel making and can reduce directly. In Direct reduction process, Fe2O3 (hematite) is converted to metallic iron by the removal of oxygen. This work presents a heat transfer rate study for direct reduction process of iron ore cylindrical briquette. An investigation has been carried out of different reduction parameter such as different sizes cylindrical geometry over temperatures ranging from 700°C to 1100°C for reaction time from 10 minutes to 1 hour. The result was indicated that the value of the heat transfer rate decreases in the core and outer parts of the cylinder briquettes.

Transport Costs and Trade Volumes: Evidence from the Trans-Atlantic Iron Trade, 1870–1913

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Inwood ◽  
Ian Keay
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pig Iron ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Coking Coal ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
Shipping Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

We use newly compiled evidence on inter- and intra-continental shipping costs to investigate the relationship between transportation and trade for trans-Atlantic iron markets from 1870–1913. Although we find a surprisingly weak connection linking ocean freight rates to British exports, after controlling for endogeneity and measuring all costs associated with inter-continental pig iron shipments and the intra-continental assembly of raw materials, the importance of transportation strongly asserts itself. The cost to transport pig iron across the Atlantic, and the cost to transport iron ore and coking coal within North America, were important determinants of the volume of British exports.

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