Key steps in anatomical reduction for fibula nail insertion

Based on the experiences of three research groups using and evaluating the Cognitive Interviewing Reporting Framework (CIRF), we draw conclusions about the utility of the CIRF as a guide to creating cognitive testing reports. Authors generally found the CIRF checklist to be usable, and that it led to a more complete description of key steps involved. However, despite the explicit direction by the CIRF to include a full explanation of major steps and features (e.g., research objectives and research design), the three cognitive testing reports tended to simply state what was done, without further justification. Authors varied in their judgments concerning whether the CIRF requires the appropriate level of detail. Overall, we believe that current cognitive interviewing practice will benefit from including, within cognitive testing reports, the 10 categories of information specified by the CIRF. Future use of the CIRF may serve to direct the overall research project from the start, and to further the goal of evaluation of specific cognitive interviewing procedures.

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The development of alternative energy sources: Prospects in Russia and the world

National Interests Priorities and Security ◽

10.24891/ni.16.5.885 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 885-904

Author(s):

M.E. Frai

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Systems Approach ◽

Energy Resource ◽

Current Situation ◽

Energy Sources ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Energy Complex ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Governmental Institutions ◽

Key Steps

Subject. The article discusses limited sources of energy nowadays and an ongoing survey of new ones. I focus on fuel and energy complexes worldwide and in Russia. Objectives. The study is to analyze the future use of alternative energy sources in the fuel and energy complex nationwide and worldwide. I review the existing energy sources of the fuel and energy complex in the global and regional markets, specifically the alternative ones. Methods. The study relies upon methods of statistics, analysis and systems approach. Results. The article demonstrates that the fuel and energy complex strongly depends on the current situation in the energy resource market, which is difficult to forecast. If we continue relying on traditional energy resources, we get exposed to some risks affecting the sustainable development of the economy. Russia should diversify the power engineering sector by developing alternative energy sources. The article sets forth the economic rationale for alternative sources and key steps Russia shall make. Conclusions and Relevance. Considering the current situation in the energy balance, alternative energy is what any advanced society seeks for, being supported by manufacturers, governmental institutions, and researchers, though low profitability and high infrastructure costs impede its development. In Russia, these challenges are even more palpable. However, even now Russia is able to find alternative energy solutions. In addition to advantages of alternative energy, which is globally proclaimed, they will also help Russia diversify and update the economic system.

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CO2 Activation on Heterostructures of Bi2O3-Nanocluster Modified TiO2: Promoting the Critical First Step in CO2 Conversion

10.26434/chemrxiv.5917351.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael Nolan

Keyword(s):

Metal Oxide ◽

Density Functional ◽

Initial Step ◽

Difficult Problem ◽

Carbonate Formation ◽

Structural Distortions ◽

Strong Adsorption ◽

Two Factors ◽

Key Steps ◽

Recent Experimental Work

The conversion of CO2 to fuels is of significant importance in enabling the production of sustainable fuels, contributing to alleviating greenhouse gas emissions. While there are a number of key steps required to convert CO2, the initial step of adsorption and activation by the catalyst is critical. Well-known metal oxides such as oxidised TiO2 or CeO2 are unable to promote this step. In addressing this difficult problem, recent experimental work shows the potential for bismuth-containing materials to activate and convert CO2, but the origin of this activity is not yet clear. Additionally, nanostructures can show enhanced activity towards CO2. In this paper we present density functional theory (DFT) simulations of CO2 activation on heterostructured materials composed of extended rutile and anatase TiO2 surfaces modified with nanoclusters with Bi2O3 stoichiometry. These heterostructures show low coordinated Bi sites in the nanoclusters and a valence band edge that is dominated by Bi-O states. These two factors mean that supported Bi2O3 nanoclusters are able to adsorb and activate CO2. Computed adsorption energies lie in the range of -0.54 eV to -1.01 eV. In these strong adsorption modes, CO2 is activated, in which the molecule bends giving O-C-O angles of 126 - 130o and elongation of C-O distances up to 1.28 Å, with no carbonate formation. The electronic properties show a strong CO2-Bi-oxygen interaction that drives the interaction of CO2 to induce the structural distortions. Bi2O3-TiO2 heterostructures can be reduced to form Bi2+ and Ti3+ species. The interaction of CO2 with this electron-rich, reduced system can produce CO directly, reoxidising the heterostructure or form an activated carboxyl species (CO2-) through electron transfer from the heterostructure to CO2. These results highlight that a semiconducting metal oxide modified with suitable metal oxide nanoclusters can activate CO2, thus overcoming the difficulties associated with the difficult first step in CO2 conversion.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of NPY genes and AGC kinases define two key steps in auxin-mediated organogenesis in Arabidopsis.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1144984.602092 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

John Bowman

Keyword(s):

Agc Kinases ◽

Key Steps

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Identification of Antineoplastic Targets with Systems Approaches, Using Resveratrol as an In-Depth Case Study

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612823666170710152918 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (32) ◽

pp. 4773-4793 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nivedita Singh ◽

Sherry Freiesleben ◽

Olaf Wolkenhauer ◽

Yogeshwer Shukla ◽

Shailendra K. Gupta

Keyword(s):

Drug Target ◽

Complex Disease ◽

Biological Targets ◽

Systems Approaches ◽

Anticancer Mechanism ◽

Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽

Key Steps ◽

Network Approaches ◽

Novel Drug

The identification and validation of novel drug–target combinations are key steps in the drug discovery processes. Cancer is a complex disease that involves several genetic and environmental factors. High-throughput omics technologies are now widely available, however the integration of multi-omics data to identify viable anticancer drug-target combinations, that allow for a better clinical outcome when considering the efficacy-toxicity spectrum, is challenging. This review article provides an overview of systems approaches which help to integrate a broad spectrum of technologies and data. We focus on network approaches and investigate anticancer mechanism and biological targets of resveratrol using reverse pharmacophore mapping as an in-depth case study. The results of this case study demonstrate the use of systems approaches for a better understanding of the behavior of small molecule inhibitors in receptor binding sites. The presented network analysis approach helps in formulating hypotheses and provides mechanistic insights of resveratrol in neoplastic transformations.

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Molecular Design of Peptide-Fc Fusion Drugs

Current Drug Metabolism ◽

10.2174/1389200219666180821095355 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 203-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lin Ning ◽

Bifang He ◽

Peng Zhou ◽

Ratmir Derda ◽

Jian Huang

Keyword(s):

Rational Design ◽

Molecular Design ◽

Computational Design ◽

Fusion Technology ◽

Computational Tools ◽

Open Questions ◽

Biological Therapeutics ◽

Key Steps ◽

Computational Resources ◽

Tools And Methods

Background:Peptide-Fc fusion drugs, also known as peptibodies, are a category of biological therapeutics in which the Fc region of an antibody is genetically fused to a peptide of interest. However, to develop such kind of drugs is laborious and expensive. Rational design is urgently needed.Methods:We summarized the key steps in peptide-Fc fusion technology and stressed the main computational resources, tools, and methods that had been used in the rational design of peptide-Fc fusion drugs. We also raised open questions about the computer-aided molecular design of peptide-Fc.Results:The design of peptibody consists of four steps. First, identify peptide leads from native ligands, biopanning, and computational design or prediction. Second, select the proper Fc region from different classes or subclasses of immunoglobulin. Third, fuse the peptide leads and Fc together properly. At last, evaluate the immunogenicity of the constructs. At each step, there are quite a few useful resources and computational tools.Conclusion:Reviewing the molecular design of peptibody will certainly help make the transition from peptide leads to drugs on the market quicker and cheaper.

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A Short Synthesis of the Plant Alkaloid 4-Methyl-2,6-naphthyridine

Letters in Organic Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1570178616666181116110647 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. 931-934 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexandra Kamlah ◽

Franz Bracher

Keyword(s):

Pyridine Ring ◽

Cross Coupling ◽

Antirrhinum Majus ◽

New Synthesis ◽

Short Synthesis ◽

Regioselective Oxidation ◽

Key Steps

: A new synthesis of the 2,6-naphthyridine alkaloid 4-methyl-2,6-naphthyridine from Antirrhinum majus has been developed. Key steps are a regioselective oxidation of 3-bromo-4,5- dimethylpyridine to the corresponding 4-formyl derivative, and the annulation of the second pyridine ring by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling using (E)-2-ethoxyvinylboronic acid pinacol ester as a masked acetaldehyde equivalent. This protocol gives the alkaloid in four steps starting from commercially available 3,4-dimethylpyridine in 15% overall yield. This annulation protocol should be useful for the synthesis of other condensed pyridines as well.

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Concise Total Synthesis of Curvulone B

Synlett ◽

10.1055/a-1297-6838 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Debendra K. Mohapatra ◽

Shivalal Banoth ◽

Utkal Mani Choudhury ◽

Kanakaraju Marumudi ◽

Ajit C. Kunwar

Keyword(s):

Total Synthesis ◽

Stereoselective Synthesis ◽

Ring System ◽

Bond Forming ◽

Cross Metathesis ◽

Bond Forming Reactions ◽

Key Steps

AbstractA concise and convergent stereoselective synthesis of curvulone B is described. The synthesis utilized a tandem isomerization followed by C–O and C–C bond-forming reactions following Mukaiyama-type aldol conditions for the construction of the trans-2,6-disubstituted dihydropyran ring system as the key steps. Other important features of this synthesis are a cross-metathesis, epimerization, and Friedel–Crafts acylation.

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Copper-catalyzed alkynylation/annulation cascades of N-allyl ynamides: regioselective access to medium-sized N-heterocycles

Organic Chemistry Frontiers ◽

10.1039/d0qo00837k ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 18-24

Author(s):

Xu-Heng Yang ◽

Jian Huang ◽

Fang Wang ◽

Zhuoliang Liu ◽

Yujiao Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Claisen Rearrangement ◽

Synthetic Strategy ◽

Key Steps

A synthetic strategy based on sequential application of aza-Claisen rearrangement, C–H functionalization, C–N coupling and cyclization as key steps has been developed for the synthesis of 6-, 7-, 8-, and 9-membered rings N-heterocycles.

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Research on the application of 3D reconstruction technology in traditional handicraft design

International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education ◽

10.1177/00207209211005274 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002072092110052

Author(s):

GuoLong Zhang

Keyword(s):

Poisson Equation ◽

Optimization Algorithm ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Reconstruction Algorithm ◽

Social Production ◽

Design Constraint ◽

Reconstruction Process ◽

Key Steps ◽

Shielding Design ◽

Reconstruction Model

The use of computer technology for three-dimensional (3 D) reconstruction is one of the important development directions of social production. The purpose is to find a new method that can be used in traditional handicraft design, and to explore the application of 3 D reconstruction technology in it. Based on the description and analysis of 3 D reconstruction technology, the 3 D reconstruction algorithm based on Poisson equation is analyzed, and the key steps and problems of the method are clarified. Then, by introducing the shielding design constraint, a 3 D reconstruction algorithm based on shielded Poisson equation is proposed. Finally, the performance of two algorithms is compared by reconstructing the 3 D image of rabbit. The results show that: when the depth value of the algorithm is 11, the surface of the rabbit image obtained by the proposed optimization algorithm is smoother, and the details are more delicate and fluent; under different depth values, with the increase of the depth value, the number of vertices and faces of the two algorithms increase, and the optimal depth values of 3 D reconstruction are more than 8. However, the proposed optimization algorithm has more vertices, and performs better in the reconstruction process; the larger the depth value is, the more time and memory are consumed in 3 D reconstruction, so it is necessary to select the appropriate depth value; the shielding parameters of the algorithm have a great impact on the fineness of the reconstruction model. The larger the parameter is, the higher the fineness is. In a word, the proposed 3 D reconstruction algorithm based on shielded Poisson equation has better practicability and superiority.

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