Sraffa's Reproduction Prices versus Prices of Production: Probability and Convergence

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
W. Paul Cockshott
Keyword(s):  
Production Probability

THERMAL DECAY OF ISOLATED SINGLE SILICON MOUNDS ON Si(111) SURFACES

2000 ◽  
Vol 07 (05n06) ◽  
pp. 571-575
Author(s):  
A. ICHIMIYA ◽  
K. HAYASHI
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Tunneling Microscope ◽  
Formation Energy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Thermal Relaxation ◽  
Stacking Fault ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Relaxation Processes ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Temperature Variable ◽  
Production Probability

Isolated three-dimensional (3D) silicon mounds on the Si (111)(7×7) surface have been produced using the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) at temperatures between 700 K and 750 K. Thermal relaxation processes of the mounds have been investigated by a temperature-variable STM. The 3D mounds formed by the STM tip are like pyramids with certain facets for both surfaces. The indices of the main facets of the mounds on the Si (111) surface are {311}, and those of the small facets are {221} or {331}. Two types of pyramids are produced on the Si (111). The pyramids with a production probability of 75% are normal stacking at the interface between the mound and the substrate, and are called type U. For mounds with a production probability of 25% which are in the twin relation of the type U mounds, there is a stacking fault at the interface, and they are called type F. The formation energy of the stacking fault is estimated from the ratio of the production probability as 4.7 meV/Å2. The decay rate of the type F mounds is about three times larger than that of the type U ones. During decomposition of the type U mounds, the facets of the pyramid are split into two parts. For the type F mounds, the pyramids decay nearly layer by layer without splitting of the facets and step bunching.

scholarly journals SEARCH FOR POSSIBLE WAY OF PRODUCING SUPER-HEAVY ELEMENTS: DYNAMIC STUDY ON DAMPED REACTIONS OF 244Pu+244Pu, 238U+238U and 197Au+197Au

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (34) ◽  
pp. 2619-2627 ◽  
Author(s):  
NING WANG ◽  
ZHUXIA LI ◽  
XIZHEN WU ◽  
ENGUANG ZHAO
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Incident Energy ◽  
Composite System ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Decay Process ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Quantum Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Production Probability

By using the Improved Quantum Molecular Dynamics model, the 244 Pu +244 Pu , 238 U +238 U and 197 Au +197 Au reactions at the energy range of E c.m. =800 MeV to 2000 MeV are studied. We find that the production probability of superheavy fragments (SHFs) with Z≥114 for the 244 Pu +244 Pu reaction is much higher compared with that for the 238 U +238 U reaction and no product of SHF is found for the 197 Au +197 Au . The production probability of SHFs strongly depends on the incident energy and a narrowly peaked energy dependence of production probability is found. The decay mechanism of the composite system of projectile and target is studied and the time scale of decay process is explored. The binding energies and the shapes of SHFs are studied. The binding energies of SHFs are broadly distributed and the shapes of SHFs are strongly deformed.

scholarly journals Reliable Design: Basic Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 198 ◽  
pp. 02006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Stodola ◽  
Jan Furch
Keyword(s):  
Safety Margin ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Distribution Law ◽  
Reliability Design ◽  
Fault Resistance ◽  
Practical Engineering ◽  
Operating Stress ◽  
Reliable Design ◽  
Ultimate Condition ◽  
Production Probability

The knowledge and experience learnt from product designing have resulted in development of their reliability theory. The classical concept of safe – life is based on product over dimensioned design that considers safety factor or safety margin for measure. However, practical engineering has found this concept in a manner inconvenient as design fault-resistance to determine the ultimate condition and operating stress are random values. A way out is in the concept of stochastic approach to reliability design resulting from the defect-production probability distribution law. That concept allows product designing with predetermined reliability, such as in the example contained in this paper.

Cognitive mechanism of writing to dictation of logographic characters

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZAIZHU HAN ◽  
LUPING SONG ◽  
YANCHAO BI
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Cognitive Mechanism ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Chinese Writing ◽  
Semantic Attributes ◽  
Production Probability

ABSTRACTThe cognitive mechanisms for writing to dictation of Chinese syllables by healthy adults were investigated using large-sample multiple regression analyses. In the experiment, subjects wrote down a corresponding character upon hearing a syllable. We mainly examined the effects of three types of attributes (i.e., lexical, semantic, and phonology to orthography conversion [POC] ones) in predicting the production probability of specific characters out of the homophone families for target syllables. We observed significant effects for all three types of attributes, as well as interactions between POC and the lexical attributes, and between POC and the semantic attributes. We further found that the semantic effects vanished for the writing stimuli without homophones. A feedback procedure (i.e., phonetic radical transparency) was also observed to influence Chinese writing performances. Our results support the hypothesis that the extent of semantic involvement in writing (spelling) to dictation is influenced by the effectiveness of POC procedure in a certain language and/or word set. The existence of an interaction between the lexical semantic route and the POC route in writing is further consolidated.

scholarly journals Tattoos as a window onto cross-linguistic differences in scalar implicature

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Danielle Dionne ◽  
Elizabeth Coppock
Keyword(s):  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Scalar Implicature ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Standard Cost ◽  
Mere Existence ◽  
Production Frequency ◽  
Production Probability ◽  
Do So

This paper addresses the question of how to predict which alternatives are active in scalar implicature calculation, and the nature of this activation. It has been observed that finger implicates 'not thumb', and a Manner-based explanation for this has been proposed, predicting that if English had the simplex Latin word pollex meaning 'thumb or big toe', then finger would cease to have the implicature 'not thumb' that it has. It has also been suggested that this hypothetical pollex would have to be sufficiently colloquial in order to figure in scalar implicature calculation. This paper makes this thought experiment into a real one by using a language that behaves in exactly this way: Spanish has pulgar 'thumb' (< pollex), a non-colloquial form. We first use a fill-in-the-blank production task with both English and Spanish speakers to guage the likelihood with which a speaker will produce a given form as a way of describing a given digit. Production frequency does not perfectly track complexity, so we can then ask whether comprehension follows production frequency or complexity. We do so using a forced choice comprehension task, which reveals cross-linguistic differences in comprehension tracking production probabilities. A comparison between two RSA models -- one in which the speaker perfectly replicates our production data and a standard one in which the speaker chooses based on a standard cost/accuracy trade-off -- illustrates the fact that comprehension is much more closely tied to production probability than to the mere existence of sufficiently simple alternatives.

scholarly journals Design of Polypropylene Electret Melt Blown Nonwovens with Superior Filtration Efficiency Stability through Thermally Stimulated Charging

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2341
Author(s):  
Haifeng Zhang ◽  
Nuo Liu ◽  
Qianru Zeng ◽  
Jinxin Liu ◽  
Xing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
Air Filtration ◽  
Air Resistance ◽  
Filtration Material ◽  
Charge Stability ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Production Probability

Electret filters are widely used in particulate matter filtration due to their filtration efficiency that can be greatly improved by electrostatic forces without sacrificing the air resistance. However, the attenuation of the filtration efficiency remains a challenge. In this study, we report a novel strategy for producing an electret melt blown filter with superior filtration efficiency stability through a thermally stimulated charging method. The proposed approach optimizes the crystal structure and therefore results in the increased production probability of the charge traps. In addition, the re-trapping phenomenon caused by the thermal stimulation during the charging process can greatly increase the proportion of deep charge to shallow charge and improve the charge stability. A superior electret melt blown filtration material with a high filtration efficiency of 99.65%, low pressure drop of 120 Pa, and satisfactory filtration efficiency stability was produced after three cyclic charging times. The excellent filtration performance indicated that the developed material is a good air filtration candidate component for personal protection applications.

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