Eurobarometer surveys: another history of European gender equality policy?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-347
Author(s):  
Céline Belot ◽  
Sophie Jacquot
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Political System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Citizen Support ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Gender Equality Policy ◽  
Over Time

This article analyses Eurobarometer surveys as fully fledged instruments of the European gender equality policy since its emergence in the 1970s up until 2018. These surveys bring new data that allow for reanalysing the history of the gender equality policy, focusing on how public opinion is of interest to policymakers and how they use the results of these polls. The article shows that Eurobarometer surveys and the appeal to the ‘voice of the citizens’ have always had a legitimising function for gender equality, but that the purposes of this legitimisation have changed over time. Recently, in a context of low citizen support for the European Union political system, surveys have been integrated into the day-to-day routine of gender equality policymaking; however, they are also used by the European Parliament to reassert the shared values of the European Union.

11. The United Kingdom: Towards a Parting of the Ways

2020 ◽  
pp. 257-279
Author(s):  
Anand Menon ◽  
Luigi Scazzieri
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines the history of the United Kingdom’s relationship with the European integration process. The chapter dissects the long-term trends in public opinion and the more contingent, short-term factors that led to the referendum vote to leave the European Union. The UK was a late joiner and therefore unable to shape the early institutional development of the EEC. British political parties and public opinion were always ambiguous about membership and increasingly Eurosceptic from the early 1990s. Yet the UK had a significant impact on the EU’s development, in the development of the single market programme and eastward enlargement. If Brexit goes through, Britain will nevertheless maintain relations with the EU in all policy areas from agriculture to energy and foreign policy. Europeanization will remain a useful theoretical tool to analyse EU–UK relations even if the UK leaves the Union.

Economization of Expert Knowledge about Gender Equality in the European Union

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Elomäki
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Gender Equality Policy ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The article analyzes (i) how the increasing demand for empirical evidence about the economic impacts of gender equality transforms expert knowledge about gender equality in the European Union (EU) and (ii) the implications of these transformations. The article argues that the much-debated discursive economization of gender equality in the EU context is underpinned by the economization of expert knowledge about gender equality—the increasing reliance on mainstream economics to support gender equality claims. This has increased the influence of gender-biased economics knowledge and its modes of knowledge production in EU gender equality policy.

When in Doubt, Use Proxies

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER J. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Political System ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Party Support ◽  
The Relationship

This article argues that citizens employ proxies rooted in attitudes about domestic politics when responding to survey questions about the European integration process. It develops a model of public opinion toward European integration based on attitudes toward the political system, the incumbent government, and establishment parties. With the help of data from Eurobarometer 34.0, the study tests political and economic models of public support for membership in the European Union in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Portugal. The analyses show that system and establishment party support are the most powerful determinants of support for membership in the European Union. The results also suggest that the relationship between economic factors and support previously reported in research on public opinion toward European integration is likely to be mediated by domestic political attitudes.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Territorial Efficiency of European Funds as an Instrument to Reduce Labor Gender Differences

Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Miguel Blanco ◽  
Lydia Bares ◽  
Oksana Hrynevych ◽  
Marcos Ferasso
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
European Union ◽  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Previous Period ◽  
Over Time

Gender equality has been one of the goals of the European Union since 1957. Article 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union authorizes the European Parliament and the Council to adopt all those measures that guarantee the application of the principle of equality opportunities and equal treatment for men and women in employment and occupation matters. The main goal of this article was to determine whether the use of European Funds by Eurozone countries has made it possible to reduce labor differences in gender matters. To this end, the efficiency levels of the Funds are analyzed in two different periods, 2007 to 2013 and 2014 to 2020. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a methodology frequently used by researchers in efficiency analyses, was applied. Among the main conclusions obtained are that the efficiency levels from the period 2014 to 2020 have been higher than that obtained in the previous period, but there are significant and persistent differences over time in the levels of gender efficiency between the different countries of the Eurozone.

EU–China Cooperation along the New Silk Road

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-66
Author(s):  
Marijk van der Wende
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Policy Actor ◽  
Policy Effects ◽  
Cooperation And Competition ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines higher education cooperation between the European Union (EU) and China in terms of its history, rationales, goals, mechanisms, instruments, and effects. It will first position the EU as a major policy actor in research and higher education and present a short history of its relations with China in these fields. It will sketch how this relationship has evolved over time, including the gradual changes to the modus operandi. An assessment will be made of policy effects and impacts, with a view to the search for a more balanced relationship. To what extent are the EU’s and China’s policies driven by common (global) goals? What are the patterns of convergence, divergence, cooperation, and competition? Are flows, partnerships and conditions for cooperation balanced? Challenges and persistent imbalances will be discussed with a view to how the relationship may be shaped in the next phase.

scholarly journals Education for citizenship: Implications for Christian education in Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Carol A Paige
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Christian Education ◽  
Citizenship Education ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Global Citizenship ◽  
Christian Schools ◽  
The European Union ◽  
School Subject ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

The concept of citizenship has changed and evolved over time. Spain, as part of the European Union, has been included in a paradigm shift from a focus on nationalism to the concept of global citizenship. This has spurred a national controversy over the way in which Spanish students should be educated about citizenship. This article provides a concise history of citizenship education in Spain. An overview of the Education for Citizenship and Human Rights (EfC) curriculum is also incorporated with a description of the controversy surrounding its implementation as a mandatory school subject. It concludes with an explanation of Kingdom citizenship and implications and recommendations for Christian schools.

Danish Public Opinion

2020 ◽  
pp. 258-277
Author(s):  
Peter Thisted Dinesen ◽  
Rune Slothuus ◽  
Rune Stubager
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Essential Input ◽  
Attitudes Toward Immigration ◽  
Over Time

Citizens’ political opinions provide an essential input to the democratic process that governments must respond to or at least engage with. This chapter provides an overview of public opinion toward four major political issues in Denmark: economic distribution, immigration, the environment, and the European Union. First, aggregate public opinion on the four issues over four decades is illuminated. There is remarkable stability in aggregate public opinion over time. Second, we explore the extent to which this stability in aggregate opinion conceals changing degrees of social polarization in opinions across four socio-demographic groups (gender, age, education, and occupation). Third, we analyse the development of political polarization in Danish public opinion by comparing opinions across voters of political parties over time. Despite aggregate stability, there are remarkable changes in polarization across partisan groups, particularly on attitudes toward immigration, and to a lesser extent, the European Union. Lastly, public opinion in Denmark is compared to other European countries (Norway, Sweden, Great Britain, Germany, Poland, and Spain).

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