Brain injury and social exclusion

Social Determinantsof Health ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447336846.003.0018 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Oddy ◽

Sara da Silva Ramos ◽

Deborah Fortescue

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Social Exclusion ◽

Low Cost ◽

Homeless People ◽

Marginalised Groups ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Common Risk Factors ◽

Injury Screening ◽

The Brain

This chapter examines the link between brain injury and social exclusion. Evidence suggests that people belonging to socially peripheral and disadvantaged groups are more likely to have suffered an acquired brain injury (ABI), particularly a traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, it is not clear whether this association is due to common risk factors for social exclusion and for brain injury, or whether each increases the risk of the other. The chapter first considers screening for brain injury, with particular emphasis on the Brain Injury Screening Index (BISI), before discussing a number of potential risk factors for brain injury such as homelessness and offending. It then describes a low-cost, low-intensity intervention known as the Linkworker system developed by The Disabilities Trust Foundation (TDTF) and concludes that self-reports of brain injury are an important source of evidence that TBI is prevalent in socially marginalised groups such as offenders and homeless people.

Download Full-text

Brain Injury in a Healthy Child One Year After Periureteral Injection of Teflon

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.98.2.290 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 98 (2) ◽

pp. 290-291

Author(s):

Renato Borgatti ◽

Alberto Tettamanti ◽

Paolo Piccinelli

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Middle Cerebral Artery ◽

Vesicoureteral Reflux ◽

Healthy Child ◽

Endoscopic Injection ◽

Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke ◽

One Year ◽

Lateral Branches ◽

The Brain

This report presents the case of a previously healthy 6-year-old girl who had an ischemic injury corresponding to the territory perfused by the lateral branches of the lenticulostriate arteries of the middle cerebral artery. Stroke in childhood is rare, and the specific causes are identified in only half the cases. Our patient was carefully studied for any hereditary or acqired risk Factors for stroke, but we found only one, an endoscopic injection of Teflon performed 1 year before to correct vesicoureteral reflux. This suggests the risk of potential migration of Teflon particles to the brain, here they can block the microcirculation.

Download Full-text

Risk Factors for Seizures and Epilepsy in Children With Congenital Heart Disease

Journal of Child Neurology ◽

10.1177/0883073820904912 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (7) ◽

pp. 442-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suman Ghosh ◽

Joseph Philip ◽

Nikita Patel ◽

Jennifer Munoz-Pareja ◽

Dalia Lopez-Colon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Congenital Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Brain Injury ◽

High Risk ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Congenital Heart ◽

Potential Risk Factors

Objectives: To identify potential risk factors for pre- and postoperative seizures and epilepsy in children with congenital heart disease. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of neonates and infants <3 months of age with congenital heart disease who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass from November 24, 2006, until June 1, 2015. Children with seizures were classified based on time of occurrence into early preoperative, early postoperative, and late postoperative. Children with recurring seizures 30 days after cardiac surgery met criteria for epilepsy. Results: 247 patients completed follow-up; 2.4% had seizures early preoperation and 1.6% early postoperation. Late postoperative epilepsy occurred in 5.3% of the cohort. The majority of seizures in the late postoperative epilepsy group started after 1 year of age (mean 1.53 years, range = 0.18-4.7 years). One of the 13 patients with epilepsy had a seizure during their intensive care unit hospitalization. Potential risk factors for seizures included brain injury ( P < .001), high-risk surgery (Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery score ≥3, P = .024), and low birth weight ( P < .04). Infants with stroke were more likely to develop epilepsy ( P = .04). Presence of seizures was associated with increased length of stay ( P < .001). Conclusions: Our study suggests an association between children with congenital heart disease diagnosed with stroke in the neonatal/infancy period and the development of epilepsy. These children may not have prior early pre- and postoperative seizures. Risk factors for seizures include brain injury, high-risk surgery, and lower birth weight. Seizures were associated with an increased length of stay but did not necessarily lead to subsequent epilepsy.

Download Full-text

Astrocytes and the Warning Signs of Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke

Neural Plasticity ◽

10.1155/2018/7301623 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Annalisa Scimemi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Brain Damage ◽

Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Warning Signs ◽

Brain Hemorrhage ◽

Medical Practices ◽

The Us ◽

The Brain

Two decades into the two thousands, intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke (ICH) continues to reap lives across the globe. In the US, nearly 12,000 people suffer from ICH every year. Half of them survive, but many are left with permanent physical and cognitive disabilities, the severity of which depends on the location and broadness of the brain region affected by the hemorrhage. The ongoing efforts to identify risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke have been instrumental for the development of new medical practices to prevent, aid the recovery and reduce the risk of recurring ICH. Recent efforts approach the study of ICH from a different angle, providing information on how we can limit brain damage by manipulating astrocyte receptors. These results provide a novel understanding of how astrocytes contribute to brain injury and recovery from small ICH. Here, we discuss current knowledge on the risk factors and molecular pathology of ICH and the functional properties of astrocytes and their role in ICH. Last, we discuss candidate astrocyte receptors that may prove to be valuable therapeutic targets to treat ICH. Together, these findings provide basic and clinical scientists useful information for the future development of strategies to improve the detection of small ICH, limit brain damage, and prevent the onset of more severe episodes of brain hemorrhage.

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of recurrent traumatic brain injury in the general population

Neurology ◽

10.1212/wnl.0000000000004671 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 89 (21) ◽

pp. 2198-2209 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Oliver Lasry ◽

Erin Y. Liu ◽

Guido Antonio Powell ◽

Jessica Ruel-Laliberté ◽

Judith Marcoux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

General Population ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Alcohol Intoxication ◽

Recurrence Risk ◽

Self Report ◽

Potential Risk Factors

Objective:To comprehensively assess recurrent traumatic brain injury (rTBI) risk and risk factors in the general population.Methods:We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the references of included studies until January 16, 2017, for general population observational studies reporting rTBI risk or risk factors. Estimates were not meta-analyzed due to significant methodologic heterogeneity between studies, which was evaluated using meta-regression.Results:Twenty-two studies reported recurrence risk and 11 reported on 27 potential risk factors. rTBI risk was heterogeneous and varied from 0.43% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.19%–0.67%) to 41.92% (95% CI 34.43%–49.40%), with varying follow-up periods (3 days–55 years). Median time to recurrence ranged from 0.5 to 3.8 years. In studies where cases were ascertained from multiple points of care, at least 5.50% (95% CI 4.80%–6.30%) of patients experienced a recurrence after a 1-year follow-up. Studies that used administrative data/self-report surveys to ascertain cases tended to report higher risk. Risk factors measured at time of index traumatic brain injury (TBI) that were significantly associated with rTBI in more than one study were male sex, prior TBI before index case, moderate or severe TBI, and alcohol intoxication. Risk factors reported in a single study that were significantly associated with rTBI were epilepsy, not seeking medical care, and multiple factors indicative of low socioeconomic status.Conclusions:rTBI is an important contributor to the general population TBI burden. Certain risk factors can help identify individuals at higher risk of these repeated injuries. However, higher quality research that improves on rTBI surveillance methodology is needed.

Download Full-text

Correction to: Rasch analysis of the Brain Injury Screening Tool (BIST) in mild traumatic brain injury

BMC Neurology ◽

10.1186/s12883-021-02437-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nusratnaaz Shaikh ◽

Alice Theadom ◽

Richard Siegert ◽

Natalie Hardaker ◽

Doug King ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Rasch Analysis ◽

Screening Tool ◽

Injury Screening ◽

The Brain

Download Full-text

Characterizing the risk factors for the long-term survival of the Avita bone-level dental implants

10.21203/rs.2.18770/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Seyed Amirhossein Emamian Shirazi ◽

Hosseinali Ramezanpour ◽

hashem yousefi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Analysis ◽

Dental Implants ◽

Technical Documentation ◽

Term Survival ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Bone Level ◽

Common Risk Factors ◽

Comprehensive Study

Abstract Background: Risk analysis file will never be closed in the technical documentation of the dental implants for the marketing purpose. In this paper the most common risk factors categorized as implant-related risks, surgeon-related risks, patient-related risks, and maintenance-related risks in the manufacturing process, application, the long term usage and the so-called survival rate of dental implants are studied. Methods: The importance of any of the potential risk factors directly related to the product or the processes which are indirectly related to the product quality are assessed based on their severity and probability of occurrence. Proper measurement called as mitigations are considered to standardize the risks to the acceptable criteria.Results: The equivalent risk assessment factors are compared in pre-mitigation and post-mitigation stages. The aim was to see whether the factor reduces to the acceptable or conditionally acceptable state for each risk or not.Conclusion: Through this comprehensive study, the risk analysis file is completed however it can be even more complete, in the future, at this industry. In the further studies, discretizing the steps of severity or probability to finer steps, and ultimately converting them to a continuous form would be aimed.

Download Full-text

Rasch analysis of the Brain Injury Screening Tool (BIST) in mild traumatic brain injury

BMC Neurology ◽

10.1186/s12883-021-02410-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nusratnaaz Shaikh ◽

Alice Theadom ◽

Richard Siegert ◽

Natalie Hardaker ◽

Doug King ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brain Injury ◽

Rasch Analysis ◽

Screening Tool ◽

Symptom Burden ◽

Person Separation Index ◽

Symptom Scale ◽

Good Reliability ◽

Item Functioning ◽

Injury Screening ◽

The Brain

Abstract Objective To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brain Injury Screening Tool (BIST) symptom scale in a sample of people with a mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) through Rasch analysis, and to obtain an interval level measurement score for potential clinical use. Materials and methods Data were obtained from 114 adults aged over 16 years, who had experienced at least one mTBI in the past 10 years. Participants were recruited via social media, concussion clinics and sports organisations over a 4-month period between May and September 2020. Participants were asked to compete the symptom scale of the BIST tool via an anonymous online questionnaire. Internal construct validity, dimensionality, person separation index, and differential item functioning of the BIST were examined with Rasch analysis. Results BIST in its original form produced a satisfactory item-trait interaction, and good reliability, but was found to be multi-dimensional. Rasch analysis of the full scale with three domains as subtests resulted in acceptable model fit (χ2(6) =3.8, p > 0.05), with good reliability (Person Separation Index = 0.84), and uni-dimensionality. Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis displayed no significant DIF effects for sex or age revealing that people responded consistently and similarly to the individual BIST items based on severity of symptom burden. Conclusions The 15-item symptom scale of the BIST tool is a psychometrically sound measure of symptom burden following mTBI. The findings provide support for use of both total and sub scale scores for clinical use. Ordinal to interval score conversions are recommended for use when using the scores for research purposes in mTBI.

Download Full-text