The Poverty of Nations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Spicker
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Relational Issue

Conventionally, poverty is often represented as a lack of resources, but it is much more than that. A considerable amount of work has been done in recent years to establish a view of poverty as a complex, multi-dimensional set of experiences. The poverty of nations goes further still. The nature of poverty is constituted by social relationships - relationships such as low status, social exclusion, insecurity and lack of rights. The relational elements of poverty tell us what poverty really means – what poverty consists of, what poor people are experiencing, and what kind of problems there are to be addressed. The more emphasis that we put on such relationships as elements of poverty, the more difficult it becomes to suppose either that poverty is primarily a matter of resources, or that poverty in rich countries means something fundamentally different from poverty in poor countries. The book considers how poverty manifests itself in rich and poor countries, and how those countries can respond to poverty as a relational issue.

scholarly journals Global economy and its sustainability in the globalized world

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 04008
Author(s):  
Jorma Jaakko Imppola
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Global Sustainability ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Globalized World

Globalized economy has changed the whole world both in good and in bad. The changes in economy have significant impact on the everyday life, which affect practically everyone. Because the economy, monetary systems and financial markets form the operational platform of the globalized world, it is necessary to understand their role. As the economy is one of the three main pillars of the sustainability, it is impossible to develop the global sustainability without stabile and sustainable economy. The inequality of the distribution of wealth and prosperity is the most critical factor of economic sustainability and the ever-increasing accumulation of wealth and money is one of the most crucial factors jeopardising the global sustainability. People and nations struggling economically are usually having the biggest challenges with both social and environmental sustainability. Wealth works dually: it enables rich people and nations to increase their consumption footprint and they hinder poor people and nations to make consumer decisions and investments needed to improve sustainability. The rich countries have outsourced their unsustainable industrial activities to poor countries having undeveloped legislation and maximized their profits by utilising these socially and ecologically unsustainable labour and production practises, which most are illegal in the rich countries.

‘GENDER INEQUALITY IN KENYA’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Workplace Culture ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Kenyan Women ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Rich Countries

ABSTRACTThis research project offers an analysis of gender inequality in Kenya. Despite many years of academic analysis and practical feminist activity, the progress towards achieving gender equity is painfully slow especially in Kenya. Given the scope and the speed of this change, it is essential to keep the change patterns of gender relations under continuous scrutiny to monitor the extent to which progress is being made towards women emancipation and their integration in development in Kenya. The subject matter of this research is prompted by the assumption that gender inequalities make Kenyan women to become victims and have no or little role in development due to their victimization. The general objective of this research is to analyze the key areas of gender inequality in Kenya; these areas include; the health and Education sector, Economy and workplace, Culture and religion. To this end, the specific aims of this research are to analyze the effects that gender inequality has on Kenya’s development and whether the integration of women will contribute to the development process, And if equity in Kenya can be achieved through resocialization and cultural reorientation.'Statistics alone cannot make policy. Some rich countries have no poor people but have high levels of inequality while some poor countries have low levels of inequality.'-Dr Edward Sambili

Health and healthcare

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Abel Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
Health Production ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Health Production Function ◽  
Important Message ◽  
Rich Countries

Chapter 1 provides a contextual frame for the book. An inquiry into the key concepts of health and healthcare is followed by an illustration of the general health production function, that is, the association between increasing healthcare inputs and resulting health outcomes. The important message is the pattern of positive but diminishing effects of healthcare on health: more healthcare improves health, but at a diminishing rate. The production function is also illustrated at the macro level: when considering the poor countries of the world, a strong association is observed between increased healthcare spending and the country’s life expectancy. However, among rich countries we observe a strongly diminishing effect of increased healthcare spending. Some further international comparisons are included to show that the richer a country gets, the higher the proportion of wealth it spends on healthcare.

Governance of Development Assistance: Issues and Challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-264
Author(s):  
Navreet Kaur ◽  
Lhoukhokai Sitlhou
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Disaster Assistance ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
Bilateral Assistance ◽  
Rich Countries

Good governance emphasises upon efficient and effective institutional mechanism, greater transparency, people’s participation, citizen-centric services and accountability. These reforms are not only limited to national governance practices but also applicable to distribution, disbursement and effectiveness of development assistance. The objective of development assistance is to provide opportunities to needy, deprived and disadvantageous sections of the society. The available data on development assistance clearly demonstrate that rich countries, Development Assistance Countries (DACs) provide financial assistance to poor countries and it has reached US$100 billion in recent years. Non-DAC bilateral assistance (NDBA) is more than US$8 billion in Office of Disaster Assistance (ODA) and US$5 billion annually in country programmable aid (CPA). Private aid (PrA) from DAC members contribute between US$58 billion and 68 billion per year. Total aid flows to developing countries currently amount to around US$180 billion annually. Multilateral aid agencies (around 230) outnumber donors and recipients combined. But the harsh reality is high percentage of illiteracy, high child mortality, gender inequality, prevalence of corruption and exclusion of needy people from the development process. The examination of the process and procedures involved in development process revealed that there are many challenges in the process adopted for allocation, methodological limitations, evaluation limitation, lack of coordination among multiple agencies, political compulsions of donor and recipient countries, transparency, accountability and multidimensional global financial markets compulsions. Certain measures can make development more inclusive and sustainable. Collective efforts of all agencies are the need of the hour to achieve the targets of sustainable development. Coordination among multiple agencies, capacity building of target population and involvement of private agencies in the development process will pave the way for sustainable development.

scholarly journals Consumer Motivation to Enhance Purchase Intention Towards Electric Vehicles in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 09003
Author(s):  
Haider Ali Abbasi ◽  
Zullina Hussain Shaari ◽  
Wajiha Moughal
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Consumer Adoption ◽  
Consumer Motivation ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rich Countries

Transportation is extremely important in contributing to the life quality development of urban areas. However, it has influenced negatively on individuals and the environment due to carbon emissions and gases. Worldwide, organizations and countries are exploring a solution and have developed Electric Vehicles (EVs) as the best possible solution. Electric vehicles emit no exhaust emissions and are powered by batteries. The adoption rate of EVs in rich countries is increasing year after year, while consumer adoption intention of EVs in poor countries is quite low, particularly in Malaysia. The ownership percentage of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEs) in Malaysia is 93 percent, placing it near the top of the globe, but EV adoption is just about 3.5 percent. Consumer awareness of EVs is quite low, which is why consumer adoption intentions toward EVs are not increasing. Malaysia is the world's 26th highest emitter of carbon and greenhouse gases (GHG). This study will assist in identifying the characteristics that can maximize consumer interest in EVs and will be beneficial to the government and industry in developing the market as stated in the Paris accord and achieving the Carbon Neutral Nation 2050 aim. The study will go through the motivators that lead consumers to purchase EVs. These characteristics will provide transportation sectors insights on bridging the demand and supply of sustainable vehicles.

scholarly journals If Technology Has Arrived Everywhere, Why Has Income Diverged?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Comin ◽  
Martí Mestieri
Keyword(s):  
Technology Diffusion ◽  
Aggregate Productivity ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Income Divergence ◽  
Evolution Of Technology ◽  
World Income ◽  
World Income Distribution ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Rich Countries

We study the cross-country evolution of technology diffusion over the last two centuries. We document that adoption lags between poor and rich countries have converged, while the intensity of use of adopted technologies of poor countries relative to rich countries has diverged. The evolution of aggregate productivity implied by these trends in technology diffusion resembles the actual evolution of the world income distribution in the last two centuries. Cross-country differences in adoption lags account for a significant part of the cross-country income divergence in the nineteenth century. The divergence in intensity of use accounts for the divergence during the twentieth century. (JEL N10, N70, O14, O33, O41, O47)

Introduction and Preliminaries

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Caselli
Keyword(s):  
Technical Change ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Unskilled Labor ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Absolute Efficiency ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Analytical Tools

This book examines how the mode of production, or production technology, varies systematically across countries, depending on their endowments of different factors of production. Using aggregate production functions as analytical tools, the book shows that technology differences and technical change are factor biased: they change not only the overall efficiency with which a country exploits its bundle of productive inputs, but also the relative efficiency with which different factors contribute to production. It argues that the efficiency with which skilled labor is used relative to unskilled labor is greater in richer countries than in poorer countries. It also explains why the efficiency with which reproducible capital (equipment and structure) is used relative to natural capital (mineral deposits, land, timber, etc.) is higher in rich countries, and the absolute efficiency with which physical capital is used appears to be not lower, and may even be higher, in poor countries.

Technical Demoralization

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-119
Author(s):  
Samuel Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Police Officer ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Rich Countries

This chapter explains why officials in poor countries are more likely to be corrupt than officials in rich countries. One reason is that even if these officials played things straight, they simply lack the resources to do their jobs. The condition of being unable to do one's job through no fault of one's own can be called technical demoralization. When trying to do one's job is a joke, it no longer really matters whether one follows norms of professionalism or not. The salary of a police officer in Latin America or Afghanistan is generally modest. And one police officer is not going to be able to take out a cartel. So when the drug lord's men come over and offer to help the cop out financially, the officer would be hard-pressed to refuse the offer. The same thing can occur in any branch of government. Public health officials who will never be able to lower the amount of disease in their districts sign off on big, white elephant hospital projects where they can get generous side fees for “consulting.” Engineers who will never be able to build enough roads to accommodate the traffic needs of overpopulated cities throw their projects to shabby, politically connected contractors who stint on materials.

Sources of Increasing Inequality

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-190
Author(s):  
Francis Teal
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
The Political ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Unskilled Labour ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
The Impact

While all the evidence we have points to the rising living standards for most of the very poorest, the wages of unskilled labour in poor countries remain a fraction of those in rich countries. Those potential workers are seen as a threat to the living standards of the unskilled in rich countries and the political impetus to limit their access to those labour markets has been, and remains, one of the most potent issue in the politics of rich countries. This aversion to immigration as a threat to the wages of the unskilled often transmutes into a hostility to trade, as goods, which use a lot of unskilled labour, can be imported more cheaply. Both immigration and trade are seen as a threat to the unskilled. Two dimensions of this threat are examined in this chapter—the impact of Chinese exports on wages in the US and the impact of immigration on the UK economy.

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