Ending Homelessness?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Allen ◽  
Lars Benjaminsen ◽  
Eoin O'Sullivan ◽  
Nicholas Pleace
Keyword(s):  
Research Evidence ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
The Past ◽  
What Works ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Support Mechanisms ◽  
Key Driver

In recent years, across Europe, North America and the Antipodes, a significant number of countries, states and regions have devised strategies that aim to end long-term homelessness and the need to sleep rough. Long considered an intractable or ‘wicked’ social problem, the notion that homelessness could be ended represents a significant sea change in conceptualising and responding to homelessness. A key driver for states, regions and municipalities to devise plans to end homelessness, and an optimism that this policy objective can be achieved, is that there is an increasing research evidence base on what works to end homelessness. This increasingly sophisticated research evidence covers both the prevention of homelessness in the first instance and the support mechanisms that can ensure sustainable exits and stable, secure accommodation for people who have experienced homelessness. This book explores these issues through a detailed comparison of the experiences of Denmark, Finland and Ireland over the past decade. From 2008 to the end of 2018, the numbers living rough and in temporary and emergency accommodation showed a decline of 72 per cent in Finland, while the number of households in emergency accommodation increased by 300 per cent in Ireland; in Denmark, the number of adults in emergency accommodation increased by 12 per cent over the shorter time period of 2009–17. The purpose of this book is to offer explanations for stark variations in these outcomes despite similar starting points.

scholarly journals Drug information update. Lithium and chronic kidney disease: Debates and dilemmas

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumeet Gupta ◽  
Udayan Khastgir
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Information Update ◽  
Resistant Depression

SummaryLithium is an established treatment for bipolar disorder and an augmenting agent for treatment-resistant depression. Despite awareness of renal adverse effects, including chronic kidney disease, for the past five decades, there has been a lack of research evidence. This has led to debates around the existence and magnitude of the risk. This article discusses the current evidence base regarding the link between lithium and chronic kidney disease, monitoring of renal functions and its clinical implications.

Anatomy of an Evidence Base

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 454-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Malouf ◽  
Juliana M. Taymans
Keyword(s):  
Education Policy ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Intervention Effect ◽  
What Works ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Education Interventions ◽  
What Works Clearinghouse ◽  
Adequate Research

An analysis was conducted of the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) research evidence base on the effectiveness of replicable education interventions. Most interventions were found to have little or no support from technically adequate research studies, and intervention effect sizes were of questionable magnitude to meet education policy goals. These findings painted a dim picture of the evidence base on education interventions and indicated a need for new approaches, including a reexamination of federal reliance on experimental impact research as the basis for gauging intervention effectiveness.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon analysis in an Alpine ice core: record of anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to carbonaceous aerosols in the past (1650–1940)

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 5905-5931 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Jenk ◽  
S. Szidat ◽  
M. Schwikowski ◽  
H. W. Gäggeler ◽  
S. Brütsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Carbonaceous Particles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Ice Core Record

Abstract. Long-term concentration records of carbonaceous particles (CP) are of increasing interest in climate research due to their not yet completely understood effects on climate. Nevertheless, only poor data on their concentrations and sources in the past is available. We present a first long-term record of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations - the two main fractions of CP – along with the corresponding fraction of modern carbon (fM) derived from radiocarbon (14C) analysis. The combination of concentration measurements with 14C analysis of CP allows a distinction and quantification of natural, biogenic and anthropogenic fossil sources in the past. CP were extracted from an ice archive, with resulting carbon quantities in the microgram range. Analysis of 14C by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was therefore highly demanding. We analysed 33 samples of 0.4 to 1 kg ice from a 150.5 m long ice core retrieved at Fiescherhorn glacier in December 2002 (46°33'3.2" N, 08°04'0.4'' E; 3900 m a.s.l.). Samples were taken from below the firn/ice transition down to bedrock, covering the time period 1650–1940 and thus the transition from the pre-industrial to the industrial era. Before 1800, OC was of pure biogenic origin with a mean concentration of 21±2 μg kg−1}. In 1940, OC concentration was more than a factor of 3 higher than this biogenic background, almost half of it originating from anthropogenic sources, i.e. from combustion of fossil fuels. The biogenic EC concentration was nearly constant over the examined time period with 6±1 μg kg−1. In 1940, the additional anthropogenic input of atmospheric EC was about 50 μg kg−1.

Dermatology

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Cutaneous Infection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Skin Conditions ◽  
Skin Biology

Over the past 50 years, there have been great advances in our understanding of skin biology and the aetiopathogenesis of skin diseases, and in the development of treatments for these. Immunosuppression for use in cutaneous infection, the use of antibiotics and corticosteroids in the reduction of morbidities in skin conditions, and an increasing understanding of molecular pathways, among a range of other developments, have allowed for rapid progression in the treatment of dermatological conditions. Carefully designed studies have been vital in the development of treatment; however, clinical observation continues to have a role. The increasing number of therapeutic options for skin conditions brings with it a need for better evidence of relative efficacy, acceptability, and long-term safety. Moreover, there are still many skin conditions for which limited effective treatments are available such as vitiligo, hidradenitis suppurativa, and viral warts. This chapter highlights the evidence base for some major advances in dermatology.

Essential elements of treatment and care in high secure forensic inpatient services: an expert consensus study

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Tapp ◽  
Fiona Warren ◽  
Chris Fife-Schaw ◽  
Derek Perkins ◽  
Estelle Moore
Keyword(s):  
Research Evidence ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Delphi Survey ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Hospital Services ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Forensic Patients ◽  
What Works ◽  
High Security

Purpose – The evidence base for what works with forensic patients in high-security inpatient settings has typically focused on outcome research and not included clinical expertise from practice-based experience, which is an important facet of evidence-based practice. The purpose of this paper is to establish whether experts with clinical and/or research experience in this setting could reach consensus on elements of high-security hospital services that would be essential to the rehabilitation of forensic patients. Design/methodology/approach – A three-round Delphi survey was conducted to achieve this aim. Experts were invited to rate agreement with elements of practice and interventions derived from existing research evidence and patient perspectives on what worked. Experts were also invited to propose elements of hospital treatment based on their individual knowledge and experience. Findings – In the first round 54 experts reached consensus on 27 (out of 39) elements that included physical (e.g. use of CCTV), procedural (e.g. managing restricted items) and relational practices (e.g. promoting therapeutic alliances), and to a lesser extent-specific medical, psychological and social interventions. In total, 16 additional elements were also proposed by experts. In round 2 experts (n=45) were unable to reach a consensus on how essential each of the described practices were. In round 3 (n=35), where group consensus feedback from round 2 was provided, consensus was still not reached. Research limitations/implications – Patient case complexity, interventions with overlapping outcomes and a chequered evidence base history for this population are offered as explanations for this finding alongside limitations with the Delphi method. Practical implications – Based on the consensus for essential elements derived from research evidence and patient experience, high-secure hospital services might consider those practices and interventions that experts agreed were therapeutic options for reducing risk of offending, improving interpersonal skills and therapeutic interactions with patients, and mental health restoration. Originality/value – The study triangulates what works research evidence from this type of forensic setting and is the first to use a Delphi survey in an attempt to collate this information.

scholarly journals Reduced Seroma Risk in Drainless Abdominoplasty Using Running Barbed Sutures: A 10-Year, Multicenter Retrospective Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen D Rosen ◽  
Karol A Gutowski ◽  
Teresa Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Profile ◽  
Suture Techniques ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Barbed Sutures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Interrupted Suture ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Patient Series ◽  
Upper Abdominal

Abstract Background Drains are still commonly inserted during abdominoplasties despite extensive evidence documenting the benefits of drainless procedures. Continued improvements in progressive tension suturing (PTS) techniques and suture technologies have consistently shown a reduced seroma risk profile that outperforms procedures involving surgical drains. Objectives The aim of this report was to assess the authors’ combined patient series, which represents the largest and longest-running, retrospective, multicenter set of abdominoplasty patients treated with a PTS technique involving running barbed sutures. Methods Two surgical groups, each at different surgical centers, have for the past decade performed drainless abdominoplasties in which running barbed sutures were used. The results for all 445 patients in this series are reported by surgical center and pooled across centers. Results The majority of the 445 patients underwent drainless abdominoplasty alone (n = 368; 82.7%); most of the remaining patients did so as part of a circumferential body lift (n = 55; 12.4%). Overall, 33 (7.4%) patients experienced a postoperative complication. The overall seroma rate was 4.7% (21 of 445 patients), but this dropped to 2.3% after surgical technique modifications were made to decrease upper abdominal dead space. The seroma incidence in this series is markedly lower than the 13% seroma rate with drains reported during the same time period and comparable to those seen in drainless abdominoplasties with interrupted suture techniques. Conclusions Drainless abdominoplasty involving PTS with running barbed sutures shows long-term reproducibility in lowering seroma risk compared to techniques in which drains are inserted, supporting results from published series of drainless abdominoplasty procedures that use interrupted suture techniques. Level of Evidence: 4

Do Holding Period Tax Incentives Affect Earnings Release Period Selling Activity of Individual Investors?

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Hurtt ◽  
Jim A. Seida
Keyword(s):  
Stock Price ◽  
Price Change ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Individual Investors ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Holding Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Selling Decisions

This study examines the effect of tax-rate-based holding period incentives on individual investors' earnings release period selling decisions using selling activity proxies computed from intra-day transaction data. We find evidence that earnings release period selling activity, for a given level of past stock price appreciation (depreciation), is lower (higher) when the magnitude of the tax-rate incentive to hold long term is larger. The results are, however, sensitive to the time period used to compute the past stock price change variable. Although we report results consistent with income tax considerations influencing individual investors' selling decisions, the results cannot be definitively attributed to holding period incentives.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon analysis in an Alpine ice core: record of anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to carbonaceous aerosols in the past (1650–1940)

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 5381-5390 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Jenk ◽  
S. Szidat ◽  
M. Schwikowski ◽  
H. W. Gäggeler ◽  
S. Brütsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Carbonaceous Particles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period

Abstract. Long-term concentration records of carbonaceous particles (CP) are of increasing interest in climate research due to their not yet completely understood effects on climate. Nevertheless, only poor data on their concentrations and sources before the 20th century are available. We present a first long-term record of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations – the two main fractions of CP – along with the corresponding fraction of modern carbon (fM) derived from radiocarbon (14C) analysis in ice. This allows a distinction and quantification of natural (biogenic) and anthropogenic (fossil) sources in the past. CP were extracted from an ice archive, with resulting carbon quantities in the microgram range. Analysis of 14C by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was therefore highly demanding. We analysed 33 samples of 0.4 to 1 kg ice from a 150.5 m long ice core retrieved at Fiescherhorn glacier in December 2002 (46°33'3.2" N, 08°04'0.4" E; 3900 m a.s.l.). Samples were taken from bedrock up to the firn/ice transition, covering the time period 1650–1940 and thus the transition from the pre-industrial to the industrial era. Before ~1850, OC was approaching a purely biogenic origin with a mean concentration of 24 μg kg−1 and a standard deviation of 7 μg kg−1. In 1940, OC concentration was about a factor of 3 higher than this biogenic background, almost half of it originating from anthropogenic sources, i.e. from combustion of fossil fuels. The biogenic EC concentration was nearly constant over the examined time period with 6 μg kg−1 and a standard deviation of 1 μg kg−1. In 1940, the additional anthropogenic input of atmospheric EC was about 50 μg kg−1.

scholarly journals The Global Trade Slowdown: Cyclical or Structural?

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Constantinescu ◽  
Aaditya Mattoo ◽  
Michele Ruta
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
Trade Elasticity ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper focuses on the sluggish growth of world trade relative to income growth in recent years. We use a simple empirical strategy based on an error correction model to assess whether the global trade slowdown is structural or cyclical. An estimate of the relationship between trade and income in the past four decades reveals that the long-term trade elasticity rose sharply in the 1990s, but declined significantly in the 2000s, even before the global financial crisis. These results suggest that trade is growing slowly not only because of slow GDP growth, but also because of a structural change in the trade-GDP relationship in recent years. The available evidence suggests that a key driver of structural change over the 2000s is the slowing pace of international vertical specialization, which accounts for between one-quarter and one-half of the decline in import growth from the 1990s to the 2000s.

scholarly journals Rediscovered and Unforgotten: Transcatheter Interventions for the Treatment of Severe Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusha Rahgozar ◽  
Sharon Bruoha ◽  
Edwin Ho ◽  
Ythan Goldberg ◽  
Mei Chau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tricuspid Valve ◽  
Valve Regurgitation ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Transcatheter Interventions

Tricuspid valve regurgitation is both globally prevalent and undertreated. Historically, surgical intervention for isolated tricuspid regurgitation (TR) was avoided despite the prevalence of TR, largely due to poor surgical outcomes and an incomplete understanding of how it independently affects mortality. Over the past two decades, TR has been shown by several studies to be an independent predictor of worse functional status and poor survival on long-term follow-up. During this same time period, transcatheter interventions for the treatment of valvular heart disease have evolved dramatically. While the transcatheter repair and replacement of the tricuspid valve in patients with severe TR remains in the early stages of investigation relative to the mitral or aortic valve, the field is rapidly expanding. Here, the authors review the field of transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions for severe TR, focusing on the orthotropic devices and valves currently available worldwide.

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