Treatment of Listeriosis

Mary E Temple; Milap C Nahata

doi:10.1345/aph.19315

Treatment of Listeriosis

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.19315 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 656-661 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

Mary E Temple ◽

Milap C Nahata

Keyword(s):

Treatment Options ◽

Alternative Therapies ◽

Second Line ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Disease States ◽

Drug Of Choice ◽

Search Terms ◽

Food Borne ◽

Clinical Literature ◽

Food Borne Illness

OBJECTIVE: To review the most currently accepted treatment options for the treatment of listeriosis. DATA SOURCES: Clinical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–October 1999). Key search terms included Li steria monocytogenes, food-borne illness, penicillins, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and vancomycin. DATA SYNTHESIS: Listeriosis is mainly a food-borne illness caused by L. monocytogenes;people most prone to the disease are pregnant women, newborns, elderly, and those with HIV or other diseases compromising immunity. Listeria infections are associated with a high mortality rate, and thus effective antibiotic treatment is essential. Although a variety of antibiotics have activity against the organism, ampicillin alone or in combination with gentamicin remains the treatment of choice. Some patients may require alternative therapies due to allergies or certain disease states. Second-line agents for these cases include trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, vancomycin, and the fluoroquinolones. Cephalosporins are not active against Listeria. CONCLUSIONS: Ampicillin is currently the drug of choice for treating L. monocytogenes infections. Many antibiotics have been shown to be effective and are used as second-line agents. However, further study is required for some of the most recently introduced antibiotics, such as the fluoroquinolones, to determine their place in the treatment of Listeriainfections.

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Safety of Selegiline with Cold Medications

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.1c175 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 438-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jeena E Jacob ◽

Mary L Wagner ◽

Jacob I Sage

Keyword(s):

Adverse Events ◽

Drug Interactions ◽

Interaction Potential ◽

Data Sources ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Search Terms ◽

Clinical Literature

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety of the coadministration of selegiline with cold medications. DATA SOURCES: Clinical literature accessed through MEDLINE(1965–September 2002), IPA database, and Drug-Reax System. The following search terms were used: selegiline, pseudoephedrine, dextromethorphan, MAOI, and drug interactions. Somerset Pharmaceuticals, the marketers of Eldepryl (selegiline HCI), were also contacted. DATA SYNTHESIS: Despite a warning against its concomitant use with pseudoephedrine and dextromethorphan, interactions with selegiline have not been reported. However, there have been reports of patients experiencing adverse events with related agents. CONCLUSIONS: Patients taking selegiline should try to avoid pseudoephedrine and dextromethorphan or use drugs without interaction potential. If selegiline is used with these medications, watch for adverse events or replace selegiline with another drug.

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Clozapine-Induced Hypersalivation

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.19259 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 662-665 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Liya Davydov ◽

Sheila R Botts

Keyword(s):

Case Reports ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Receptor Activation ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Search Terms ◽

Primary Literature ◽

Adrenoceptor Agonists ◽

Swallowing Reflex ◽

Pharmacologic Agents ◽

Underlying Pathophysiology

OBJECTIVE: To review underlying pathophysiology and possible treatments for clozapine-induced hypersalivation. DATA SOURCES: Primary literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–May 1999). Key search terms included clozapine, hypersalivation, sialorrhea, and treatment. DATA SYNTHESIS: Hypersalivation occurs in up to 54% of patients receiving clozapine. An evaluation of studies and case reports focusing on management of clozapine-induced hypersalivation was conducted. CONCLUSIONS: It is unclear whether clozapine increases salivation through its muscarinic M4 receptor activation and/or blockade of α2-adrenoceptors, or by causing a distortion in swallowing reflex. Treatment options include chewing gum, reducing the dosage of clozapine, or prescribing pharmacologic agents such as anticholinergics or α2-adrenoceptor agonists.

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Nebulized Morphine for Relief of Dyspnea Due to Chronic Lung Disease

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.1e328 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 1088-1092 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Sherrill J Brown ◽

Samantha F Eichner ◽

Jennifer R Jones

Keyword(s):

Lung Disease ◽

Chronic Lung Disease ◽

Case Reports ◽

Data Sources ◽

Pulmonary Diseases ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Disease States ◽

Search Terms ◽

Chronic Pulmonary Diseases

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of nebulized morphine for the management of dyspnea in chronic pulmonary diseases. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (1966–May 2004), EMBASE (1980–May 2004), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–May 2004) searches were performed. Key search terms included morphine, dyspnea, and inhalation. DATA SYNTHESIS: Nine studies have evaluated the efficacy of nebulized morphine in relieving dyspnea. Three trials had positive resuts, but the rest failed to show improvement after treatment with doses ranging from 1 to 40 mg nebulized morphine. The small number of subjects, variety of disease states, and different outcome measures limit interpretation of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Results from several small studies do not support the use of nebulized morphine for treatment of dyspnea; however, several positive case reports have been published.

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Use of Gabapentin in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.19303 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 802-807 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Michael A Laird ◽

Barry E Gidal

Keyword(s):

Neuropathic Pain ◽

First Line ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Search Terms ◽

Clinical Literature ◽

Limited Experience ◽

Current Therapies ◽

Drug Treatments ◽

Favorable Safety

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of gabapentin for the treatment of neuropathic pain. DATA SOURCES: Clinical literature was identified through MEDLINE (from 1990 to October 1999). Key search terms were gabapentin and pain. DATA SYNTHESIS: Neuropathic pain can be a problematic, chronic syndrome that is frequently refractory to current drug treatments. Gabapentin is a newer generation antiepileptic drug that is commonly used in treatment of neuropathic pain. An evaluation of clinical trials using gabapentin to treat neuropathic pain was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Gabapentin appears to be effective in treating various neuropathic pain disorders. Gabapentin may have advantages over current therapies, such as a favorable safety profile and lack of drug interactions; however, cost issues and limited experience may limit the use of gabapentin as a first-line option.

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Effect of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors on Blood Pressure

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.1c277 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 442-446 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Deanna L Johnson ◽

Tina M Hisel ◽

Beth Bryles Phillips

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cyclooxygenase 2 ◽

Data Sources ◽

Selective Inhibitors ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Hypertensive Patients ◽

Search Terms ◽

Clinical Literature ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors (CSIs) on blood pressure. DATA SOURCES: Clinical literature accessed through MEDLINE (1966–May 2002). Key search terms included COX-2 selective inhibitors; anti-inflammatory agents, nonsteroidal; celecoxib; rofecoxib; and hypertension. DATA SYNTHESIS: Data from prospective studies on the effects of CSIs on blood pressure are conflicting. Several studies have reported increased blood pressure as an adverse effect of CSIs. CONCLUSIONS: Additional studies are needed to evaluate the effects of CSIs on blood pressure. CSIs should be used with caution in hypertensive patients and blood pressure monitored closely if a CSI is indicated.

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The Use of Topiramate in Mood Stabilization

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.1a398 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 36 (7-8) ◽

pp. 1277-1281 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Ian D Maidment

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Bipolar Disorders ◽

Mood Stabilizer ◽

Mood Stabilizers ◽

Double Blind ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Complex Disorder ◽

Search Terms ◽

Clinical Literature ◽

Mood Stabilization

OBJECTIVE: To review data on the effectiveness of topiramate as a mood stabilizer. DATA SOURCES: Clinical literature accessed through MEDLINE (1985–September 2001) and the manufacturer. Key search terms included topiramate, mania, mood stabilizer, and bipolar disorder. DATA SYNTHESIS: The traditional standard therapy for bipolar disorder has been lithium. Other mood stabilizers are increasingly being used to manage this complex disorder. Studies that used topiramate in bipolar disorders were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: The present data from open trials suggest that topiramate may possibly possess antimanic properties. Controlled, double-blind studies are required to confirm this efficacy.

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Leukotriene Modifiers to Prevent Aspirin-Provoked Respiratory Reactions in Asthmatics

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.1a151 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 36 (9) ◽

pp. 1457-1461 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Julie A Volkman ◽

Pamala J Pontikes

Keyword(s):

Nasal Polyps ◽

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs ◽

Complete Inhibition ◽

Data Sources ◽

Antiinflammatory Drugs ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Search Terms ◽

Clinical Literature ◽

Life Threatening ◽

The Relationship

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of leukotriene modifiers in preventing aspirin-provoked respiratory reactions in asthmatics. DATA SOURCES: Clinical literature accessed through MEDLINE (1965–February 2001). Key search terms included aspirin, asthma, leukotriene, and treatment. DATA SYNTHESIS: Aspirin-sensitive asthmatics experience a wide variety of symptoms, ranging from rhinitis to life-threatening bronchospasms, after the ingestion of aspirin or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The relationship between aspirin sensitivity, asthma, and nasal polyps was first reported in 1922. The exact mechanism of these reactions is not clearly understood. Four studies investigated the use of leukotriene modifiers to prevent aspirin-provoked respiratory reactions. The efficacy of these agents ranged from complete inhibition to no blockade. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who experience aspirin-sensitive asthma should be cautious when taking aspirin and NSAIDs, despite treatment with leukotriene inhibitors.

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Risedronate for the Prevention and Treatment of Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.1a114 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 512-516 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

John A Dougherty

Keyword(s):

Fracture Prevention ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Search Terms ◽

Oral Bisphosphonate ◽

Clinical Literature ◽

Corticosteroid Osteoporosis ◽

Prevention And Treatment

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of risedronate in corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. DATA SOURCES: Clinical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–February 2001). Key search terms included risedronate, corticosteroid, osteoporosis, and bisphosphonate. DATA SYNTHESIS: Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis (CIO) is clinically challenging and can lead to fractures. Risedronate, an oral bisphosphonate, has been studied for use in CIO. Trials focusing on the use of risedronate in these patients were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Risedronate 5 mg/d increased bone mineral density at lumbar, femoral neck, and trochanter skeletal sites in patients recently initiated on or receiving long-term corticosteroid therapy. Further investigation is needed to determine risedronate's effects on fracture prevention. The drug was well tolerated.

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