scholarly journals Electrochemical Biosensors: Recommended Definitions and Classification

1999 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 2333-2348 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Thevenot ◽  
K. Tóth ◽  
R. A. Durst ◽  
G. S. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Steering Committee ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Analyte Concentration ◽  
Electroanalytical Chemistry ◽  
Recognition Element ◽  
Biological Recognition ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Biophysical Chemistry

Two Divisions of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), namely Physical Chemistry (Commission I.7 on Biophysical Chemistry formerly Steering Committee on Biophysical Chemistry) and Analytical Chemistry (Commission V.5 on Electroanalytical Chemistry) have prepared recommendations on the definition, classification and nomenclature related to electrochemical biosensors; these recommendations could, in the future, be extended to other types of biosensors.An electrochemical biosensor is a self-contained integrated device, which is capable of providing specific quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element (biochemical receptor) which is retained in direct spatial contact with an electrochemical transduction element. Because of their ability to be repeatedly calibrated, we recommend that a biosensor should be clearly distinguished from a bioanalytical system, which requires additional processing steps, such as reagent addition. A device which is both disposable after one measurement, i.e., single use, and unable to monitor the analyte concentration continuously or after rapid and reproducible regeneration should be designated a single use biosensor.Biosensors may be classified according to the biological specificity-conferring mechanism or, alternatively, to the mode of physico-chemical signal transduction. The biological recognition element may be based on a chemical reaction catalysed by, or on an equilibrium reaction with macromolecules that have been isolated, engineered or present in their original biological environment. In the latter cases, equilibrium is generally reached and there is no further, if any, net consumption of analyte(s) by the immobilized biocomplexing agent incorporated into the sensor. Biosensors may be further classified according to the analytes or reactions that they monitor: direct monitoring of analyte concentration or of reactions producing or consuming such analytes; alternatively, an indirect monitoring of inhibitor or activator of the biological recognition element (biochemical receptor) may be achieved. A rapid proliferation of biosensors and their diversity has led to a lack of rigour in defining their performance criteria. Although each biosensor can only truly be evaluated for a particular application, it is still useful to examine how standard protocols for performance criteria may be defined in accordance with standard IUPAC protocols or definitions. These criteria are recommended for authors, referees and educators and include calibration characteristics (sensitivity, operational and linear concentration range, detection and quantitative determination limits), selectivity, steady-state and transient response times, sample throughput, reproducibility, stability and lifetime.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Applications, Challenges, and Future Scope

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Anoop Singh ◽  
Asha Sharma ◽  
Aamir Ahmed ◽  
Ashok K. Sundramoorthy ◽  
Hidemitsu Furukawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Large Data ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Recognition Element ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Biological Recognition ◽  
Diagnostic Technology ◽  
Immobilization Techniques

The electrochemical biosensors are a class of biosensors which convert biological information such as analyte concentration that is a biological recognition element (biochemical receptor) into current or voltage. Electrochemical biosensors depict propitious diagnostic technology which can detect biomarkers in body fluids such as sweat, blood, feces, or urine. Combinations of suitable immobilization techniques with effective transducers give rise to an efficient biosensor. They have been employed in the food industry, medical sciences, defense, studying plant biology, etc. While sensing complex structures and entities, a large data is obtained, and it becomes difficult to manually interpret all the data. Machine learning helps in interpreting large sensing data. In the case of biosensors, the presence of impurity affects the performance of the sensor and machine learning helps in removing signals obtained from the contaminants to obtain a high sensitivity. In this review, we discuss different types of biosensors along with their applications and the benefits of machine learning. This is followed by a discussion on the challenges, missing gaps in the knowledge, and solutions in the field of electrochemical biosensors. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for scientists and engineers entering the interdisciplinary field of electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, this review provides insight into the type of electrochemical biosensors, their applications, the importance of machine learning (ML) in biosensing, and challenges and future outlook.

scholarly journals Application of Electrochemical Aptasensors toward Clinical Diagnostics, Food, and Environmental Monitoring: Review

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (24) ◽  
pp. 5435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanhong Li ◽  
Mona A. Mohamed ◽  
A. M. Vinu Mohan ◽  
Zhigang Zhu ◽  
Vinay Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Cardiac Biomarkers ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Recognition Element ◽  
Clinical Biomarkers ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensing

Aptamers are synthetic bio-receptors of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) origin selected by the systematic evolution of ligands (SELEX) process that bind a broad range of target analytes with high affinity and specificity. So far, electrochemical biosensors have come up as a simple and sensitive method to utilize aptamers as a bio-recognition element. Numerous aptamer based sensors have been developed for clinical diagnostics, food, and environmental monitoring and several other applications are under development. Aptasensors are capable of extending the limits of current analytical techniques in clinical diagnostics, food, and environmental sample analysis. However, the potential applications of aptamer based electrochemical biosensors are unlimited; current applications are observed in the areas of food toxins, clinical biomarkers, and pesticide detection. This review attempts to enumerate the most representative examples of research progress in aptamer based electrochemical biosensing principles that have been developed in recent years. Additionally, this account will discuss various current developments on aptamer-based sensors toward heavy metal detection, for various cardiac biomarkers, antibiotics detection, and also on how the aptamers can be deployed to couple with antibody-based assays as a hybrid sensing platform. Aptamers can be used in various applications, however, this account will focus on the recent advancements made toward food, environmental, and clinical diagnostic application. This review paper compares various electrochemical aptamer based sensor detection strategies that have been applied so far and used as a state of the art. As illustrated in the literature, aptamers have been utilized extensively for environmental, cancer biomarker, biomedical application, and antibiotic detection and thus have been extensively discussed in this article.

scholarly journals Development of membrane in microfluidic device for sorting and detection for potential heterogeneity investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dehi Joung
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Recognition Element ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Biological Recognition

Membrane fabrication and integration with microfluidic devices has received increased attention for applications including bio-detection (a device providing analytical information in a selective and quantitative manner using a biological recognition element), membrane-based separation, and biological sample purification. The main challenges associated with these applications have been: 1) meeting sensitivity/selectivity requirements, 2) decreasing costs, 3) maintaining the mechanical stability of the membrane, 4) offering high throughput. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to demonstrate size-based membrane separation and bio-detection using double layer channel developed in our lab and to show how the membrane integrated channel can selectively separate rod shape cell separation with various aspect ratio based on size and enhance bio detection rate with flow. Based on an existing double-channel and cross-flow microfluidics platform, we explored various polymeric materials for fabricating porous membranes to use in pore-size-dependent separation. We induced pores via stop-flow lithography, and investigated membrane properties and limitations for pore-size-dependent separation. We investigated potential applications of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)-based membrane integrated platforms in biological molecule detection based on streptavidin and biotin interaction. We demonstrated that flow and concentrations can enhance target detection in this platform.

scholarly journals Development of membrane in microfluidic device for sorting and detection for potential heterogeneity investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dehi Joung
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Recognition Element ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Biological Recognition

Membrane fabrication and integration with microfluidic devices has received increased attention for applications including bio-detection (a device providing analytical information in a selective and quantitative manner using a biological recognition element), membrane-based separation, and biological sample purification. The main challenges associated with these applications have been: 1) meeting sensitivity/selectivity requirements, 2) decreasing costs, 3) maintaining the mechanical stability of the membrane, 4) offering high throughput. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to demonstrate size-based membrane separation and bio-detection using double layer channel developed in our lab and to show how the membrane integrated channel can selectively separate rod shape cell separation with various aspect ratio based on size and enhance bio detection rate with flow. Based on an existing double-channel and cross-flow microfluidics platform, we explored various polymeric materials for fabricating porous membranes to use in pore-size-dependent separation. We induced pores via stop-flow lithography, and investigated membrane properties and limitations for pore-size-dependent separation. We investigated potential applications of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)-based membrane integrated platforms in biological molecule detection based on streptavidin and biotin interaction. We demonstrated that flow and concentrations can enhance target detection in this platform.

scholarly journals Construction of uricase-overproducing strains of Hansenula polymorpha and its application as biological recognition element in microbial urate biosensor

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kostyantyn V Dmytruk ◽  
Oleh V Smutok ◽  
Olena V Dmytruk ◽  
Wolfgang Schuhmann ◽  
Andriy A Sibirny
Keyword(s):  
Hansenula Polymorpha ◽  
Recognition Element ◽  
Biological Recognition

scholarly journals Surface plasmon resonance and its application to biomedical research

Medicina ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asta Kaušaitė ◽  
Almira Ramanavičienė ◽  
Viktoras Mostovojus ◽  
Arūnas Ramanavičius
Keyword(s):  
Surface Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Surface Plasmon ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Biologically Active Substance ◽  
Recognition Element ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Biological Recognition

In the recent years, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has become one of the major methods for studying and determination of biologically active materials exhibiting affinity interactions. SRP biosensors are increasingly used in biochemistry and bioanalytical chemistry to determine antibody-antigen interactions, to investigate DNA hybridization, to diagnose bacteria- and virus-induced diseases, to identify hormones, steroids, and immunoglobulins, to investigate blood plasma coagulation. Using SPR biosensors, it is possible to analyze the mixtures of substances with a very similar chemical structure because SPR allows identifying only those analytes that specifically interact with biologically active substance immobilized on the surface of SPR biosensor. SPR biosensors are applied to monitor interactions between immobilized biologically active substance and analyte in real-time without labeling. On the other hand, it is possible to investigate not only association of analyte with immobilized material, but also the dissociation of a newly formed complex. SPR biosensors in many cases may be used to perform up to 50 measurements with the same SPR chip with an immobilized biological recognition element. Therefore, at present SPR is one of the most promising methods for determining the interactions between ligand and receptor, antigen and antibody, thus being increasingly used in diagnostics and biomedical research.

An Electrokinetically Controlled DNA Hybridization Chip

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Erickson ◽  
Xuezhu Liu ◽  
Ulrich Krull ◽  
Dongqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
Mass Transfer Rate ◽  
Channel Structure ◽  
Nucleic Acid Hybridization ◽  
Recognition Element ◽  
Delivery Technique ◽  
Biological Recognition ◽  
Long Time ◽  
On Line ◽  
Time Required

Biosensors and more specifically biochips exploit the interactions between a target analyte and an immobilized biological recognition element to produce a measurable signal. Systems based on surface phase nucleic acid hybridization, such as modern microarrays, are particularly attractive due to the high degree of selectivity in the binding interactions. One drawback of this reaction is the relatively long time required for complete hybridization to occur, as a result of the diffusion limited reaction kinetics. In this work an electrokinetically controlled DNA hybridization microfluidic chip will be introduced. The electrokinetic delivery technique provides the ability to dispense controlled sample sizes to the hybridization array while serving to increase the mass transfer rate and therefore the reaction speed. The focus of this paper will be on the design and microfabrication of the chip, the unique H-type channel structure and electrokinetic sample delivery and washing technique, and development of the on-line hybridization scanning. Initial hybridization results presented here demonstrate that less than 5 minutes and 4.9nL of 0.5μM ssDNA sample was required (35s dispensing period followed by a 4 minute wash) for complete hybridization.

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