Why is Trade Reform So Popular in Latin America?: A Consumption-Based Theory of Trade Policy Preferences

2003 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Baker
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Trade Reform ◽  
Economic Stagnation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Trade Preferences ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Latin American Countries

Despite wavy national economies and a perception among observers that economic globalization is growing increasingly unpopular, aggregate support for free trade remains quite high across Latin America. This finding is robust to the wording of survey questions and has been quite resilient through time, even in the face of economic stagnation. Current theories of trade preferences, including the widely applied Heckscher-Ohlin model, do not explain this trend. Instead, the author proposes a theory of trade preferences based not on what citizens produce but on what they consume. Statistical analyses of different surveys, including one conducted in fourteen Latin American countries, demonstrate that a consumption-based approach best accounts for trade preferences across individuals and countries. Moreover, the theory provides an explanation for the overall popularity of free trade in Latin America: citizens recognize and appreciate the lower price, increased variety, and higher quality of goods that have come in the wake of trade liberalization.

scholarly journals CCHD Screening Implementation Efforts in Latin American Countries by the Ibero American Society of Neonatology (SIBEN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Sola ◽  
Susana Rodríguez ◽  
Alejandro Young ◽  
Lourdes Lemus Varela ◽  
Ramón Mir Villamayor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Neonatal Nurses ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
American Society ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Pulse Oximetry Screening

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is among the four most common causes of infant mortality in Latin America. Pulse oximetry screening (POS) is useful for early diagnosis and improved outcomes of critical CHD. Here, we describe POS implementation efforts in Latin American countries guided and/or coordinated by the Ibero American Society of Neonatology (SIBEN), as well as the unique challenges that are faced for universal implementation. SIBEN collaborates to improve the neonatal quality of care and outcomes. A few years ago, a Clinical Consensus on POS was finalized. Since then, we have participated in 12 Latin American countries to educate neonatal nurses and neonatologists on POS and to help with its implementation. The findings reveal that despite wide disparities in care that exist between and within countries, and the difficulties and challenges in implementing POS, significant progress has been made. We conclude that universal POS is not easy to implement in Latin America but, when executed, has not only been of significant value for babies with CHD, but also for many with other hypoxemic conditions. The successful and universal implementation of POS in the future is essential for reducing the mortality associated with CHD and other hypoxemic conditions and will ultimately lead to the survival of many more Latin American babies. POS saves newborns’ lives in Latin America.

Impact of the Patent Cooperation Treaty in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 803-822
Author(s):  
Juan I Correa ◽  
Carlos M Correa
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Patent Cooperation Treaty ◽  
Local Companies ◽  
Latin American Countries

Abstract This study shows that the main beneficiaries of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in three Latin American countries, which adhered to it as a result of the obligations provided for in free trade agreements, have been non-residents rather than local companies and individual inventors. This rebuts the frequently made argument that acceding to the PCT would generate incentives for local innovation and benefit local inventors by boosting their capacity to protect their developments in third countries. In the three countries considered in this study, the number of patents granted increased after accession to the treaty. This points to the risk of an erosion of the countries’ flexibilities in designing and implementing patent policies, as allowed by the TRIPS Agreement, with respect to the standards applied to assess eligibility for patent protection.

ECHOES AND REPERCUSSIONS OF THE PROCLAMATION OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC AND THE START OF THE CIVIL WAR IN LATIN AMERICA: A PRELIMINARY APPROXIMATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-168
Author(s):  
Pablo Buchbinder ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Secular Education ◽  
The Face ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
The Way

The aim of the article is to study the repercussions of the beginning of the Spanish Second Republic and the rebellion of July 18 in various Latin American countries. The cases of Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay are studied in particular. These repercussions are analyzed in the framework of the rise of dictatorial and authoritarian governments in most of these countries with the exception of Mexico since the early 1930s. The way in which governments, the Spanish immigrant com-munities and the different social groups in these countries acted in the face of both episodes are studied. The repercussions generated by the anticlerical policy of the first government of the second republic are an-alyzed, especially in the face of the dissolution of the company of Jesus and the introduction of secular education. The tensions that these poli-cies provoked in Argentina and Chile and the support that the second republic obtained in Mexico are analyzed. On the other hand, the way in which the news of the uprising of July 18, 1936 was received is studied. The support for the army by the governments of Uruguay and Chile and, again, the support that the Spanish legal government obtained in Mexico is analyzed.

scholarly journals Promoting Online Transparency to Help Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals: An Empirical Study of Local Governments in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1837
Author(s):  
Tamara Guerrero-Gómez ◽  
Andrés Navarro-Galera ◽  
David Ortiz-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Systemic Variables ◽  
Latin American Countries

Although transparency on the sustainability of public services is an issue of urgent interest to both governments and academics, previous research in this area has mainly focused on developed European countries, and has paid insufficient attention to areas that are still developing, such as many Latin American countries. The aim of this study is to identify factors that promote transparency on sustainability by local governments in Latin America, in the view that greater transparency will help them meet the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Therefore, using content analysis and following the GRI guidelines, we analyze the economic, social and environmental information published on the websites of 200 large local governments in 18 Latin American countries. In addition, using linear regression and calculating the corresponding Spearman coefficients, we analyze the influence of idiosyncratic and systemic variables on the volume of information disclosed. Our findings show that certain factors—population size, education level, unemployment, the quality of legislation and political corruption—affect transparency on sustainability. The conclusions drawn from this analysis enable us to identify useful measures for enhancing transparency on sustainability, including the reform of transparency laws and the analysis and disclosure of citizens’ information demands.

scholarly journals Towards a Sustainable Happiness Model for UAE: Lessons from Latin America

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
Vidya Nandagopal
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Local Community ◽  
National Level ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Social Foundations ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Sizeable Number ◽  
Sustainable Happiness

Traditionally studies on Happiness have been using income as a proxy for wellbeing and quality of life using GDP to measure progress of nations. We need to understand here that while income is an objective measure, Happiness is a subjective measure. One of the key criticisms leveled against GDP is that it does not take into account sustainability. Sometimes growth may be there but not achieved through sustainable thereby risking the future. On the flip side economic growth itself may not be sustainable in some cases. So can we depend on economic factors alone to be happy? In the past decade or so more and more countries are looking at the “Beyond GDP “agenda. in 2011 the OECD developed a framework for measuring wellbeing that can reflect and support development of measurement frameworks on a national level. there are a sizeable number of Latin American countries scoring consistently high on the Happiness index despite a number of socio economic issues. The recently published World Happiness report (2018) suggests that this is not a mere coincidence. It is based on the fact that Happiness in Latin America has social foundations. UAE lists in the top 20 countries with a happiness index of 6.774. (Source: World Happiness ranking 2015-17).This is the first ever attempt to superimpose the Latin American happiness model on the UAE local community to arrive at a sustainable happiness model for them.  

scholarly journals SPANISH INVESTMENT IN LATIN AMERICA IN THE FACE OF NEW CHALLENGES

2016 ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
T. . Sidorenko
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Crisis Period ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Latin American Countries

The article analyzes the main directions of expansion and location of Spanish multinationals in the economies of Latin America in the late XX - early XXI centuries. Particular attention is paid to the identification of the competitive advantages of Spanish companies, which would allow them to strengthen their position in the markets of Latin American countries in the post-crisis period.

scholarly journals Introduction of Nutrition Components into Agricultural Training in Latin America

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Sergio Valiente ◽  
Sonia Olivares ◽  
Teresa Boj ◽  
Margarita Andrade ◽  
Juliana Kain
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Nutrition Training ◽  
Latin American Countries

The programme of nutrition training in agriculture developed by INTA since 1980 has been extended to other Latin American countries in association with FAO, USAID, and other agencies. Implementing a programme of this type, with an international perspective and a multidisciplinary approach and involving several institutions, is not easy and can be done only with a co-operative effort. It can, however, make important contributions to improving the nutritional status and the quality of life of Latin America's rural population.

scholarly journals CCHD Screening Implementation Efforts in Latin American Countries by the Ibero American Society of Neonatology (SIBEN)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Sola ◽  
Susana Rodriguez ◽  
Alejandro Young ◽  
Lourdes Lemus ◽  
Ramon Mir Villamayor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Neonatal Nurses ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
American Society ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Pulse Oximetry Screening

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is among the 4 more common causes of infant mortality in Latin America. Pulse oximetry screening (POS) is useful for early diagnosis and improved outcomes of critical CHD. We describe POS implementation efforts in Latin American countries guided and/or coordinated by the Ibero American Society of Neonatology (SIBEN) as well as the unique challenges that are faced for universal implementation. SIBEN collaborates to improve neonatal quality of care and outcomes. A few years ago, a Clinical Consensus on POS was finalized. Since then, we participated in 12 Latin American countries to educate neonatal nurses and neonatologists on POS and to help with its implementation. The findings reveal that despite wide disparities in care that exist between and within countries, and the difficulties and challenges for implementing POS, significant progress was made. We conclude that universal POS is not easy to implement in Latin America but, when executed, not only it has been of significant value for babies with CHD but also for many with other hypoxemic conditions. The successful and universal implementation of POS in the future is essential to reduce the mortality associated with CHD and other hypoxemic conditions and will ultimately lead to the survival of many more Latin American babies. POS saves newborns’ lives in Latin America.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Mortality Rate and Its Incidence in Latin America: Dependence on Demographic and Economic Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6900
Author(s):  
Javier Cifuentes-Faura
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Quality Infrastructure

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has left millions infected and dead around the world, with Latin America being one of the most affected areas. In this work, we have sought to determine, by means of a multiple regression analysis and a study of correlations, the influence of population density, life expectancy, and proportion of the population in vulnerable employment, together with GDP per capita, on the mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Latin American countries. The results indicated that countries with higher population density had lower numbers of deaths. Population in vulnerable employment and GDP showed a positive influence, while life expectancy did not appear to significantly affect the number of COVID-19 deaths. In addition, the influence of these variables on the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 was analyzed. It can be concluded that the lack of resources can be a major burden for the vulnerable population in combating COVID-19 and that population density can ensure better designed institutions and quality infrastructure to achieve social distancing and, together with effective measures, lower death rates.

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