Vascular Pathology in Male Lewis Rats following Short-Term, Low-Dose Rotenone Administration

The long-term administration of low doses of rotenone has been used to produce a model of Parkinson disease (PD) in rats. However, only about 50% of similarly treated rats develop the PD-like syndrome, with many dying during the first few days of treatment. The lesions in male Lewis rats that became moribund or died after short-term, low-dose rotenone administration are described. Dosed rats had fibrinoid change and acute hemorrhage involving small arteries and arterioles of the brain and lungs. The thalamus, hypothalamus, and medulla oblongata were most frequently and severely affected. Blood vessels in the brain of some male Lewis rats appeared acutely susceptible to the effects of rotenone. Understanding the selective nature of the fibrinoid change and hemorrhage might explain how rotenone produces PD-like signs and lesions in rats, and it might also provide the basis for a model of intraparenchymal hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease (i.e., hemorrhagic strokes) in humans.

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Long-term administration of resveratrol at low doses improves neurocognitive performance as well as cerebral blood flow and modulates the inflammatory pathways in the brain

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108786 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 108786

Author(s):

Philippe Garrigue ◽

Lourdes Mounien ◽

Serge Champion ◽

Yassin Mouhajir ◽

Laurent Pechere ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Cerebral Blood Flow ◽

Low Doses ◽

Neurocognitive Performance ◽

Inflammatory Pathways ◽

Term Administration ◽

The Brain

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Low Doses of Psilocybin and Ketamine Enhance Motivation and Attention in Poor Performing Rats: Evidence for an Antidepressant Property

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.640241 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Guy A. Higgins ◽

Nicole K. Carroll ◽

Matt Brown ◽

Cam MacMillan ◽

Leo B. Silenieks ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Progressive Ratio ◽

Break Point ◽

Therapeutic Benefit ◽

Low Doses ◽

Plasma Exposure ◽

Short Term ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Term Administration ◽

Psychiatric Conditions

Long term benefits following short-term administration of high psychedelic doses of serotonergic and dissociative hallucinogens, typified by psilocybin and ketamine respectively, support their potential as treatments for psychiatric conditions such as major depressive disorder. The high psychedelic doses induce perceptual experiences which are associated with therapeutic benefit. There have also been anecdotal reports of these drugs being used at what are colloquially referred to as “micro” doses to improve mood and cognitive function, although currently there are recognized limitations to their clinical and preclinical investigation. In the present studies we have defined a low dose and plasma exposure range in rats for both ketamine (0.3–3 mg/kg [10–73 ng/ml]) and psilocybin/psilocin (0.05–0.1 mg/kg [7–12 ng/ml]), based on studies which identified these as sub-threshold for the induction of behavioral stereotypies. Tests of efficacy were focused on depression-related endophenotypes of anhedonia, amotivation and cognitive dysfunction using low performing male Long Evans rats trained in two food motivated tasks: a progressive ratio (PR) and serial 5-choice (5-CSRT) task. Both acute doses of ketamine (1–3 mg/kg IP) and psilocybin (0.05–0.1 mg/kg SC) pretreatment increased break point for food (PR task), and improved attentional accuracy and a measure of impulsive action (5-CSRT task). In each case, effect size was modest and largely restricted to test subjects characterized as “low performing”. Furthermore, both drugs showed a similar pattern of effect across both tests. The present studies provide a framework for the future study of ketamine and psilocybin at low doses and plasma exposures, and help to establish the use of these lower concentrations of serotonergic and dissociative hallucinogens both as a valid scientific construct, and as having a therapeutic utility.

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The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803/a000038 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 249-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Márk Molnár ◽

Roland Boha ◽

Balázs Czigler ◽

Zsófia Anna Gaál

Keyword(s):

Low Dose ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Term Memory ◽

Memory Processes ◽

Different Types ◽

The Brain ◽

Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

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Long-Term Administration of Low Doses of Mycotoxins in Poultry

Poultry Science ◽

10.3382/ps.0660047 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 47-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

C. MICCO ◽

M. MIRAGLIA ◽

R. ONORI ◽

A. IOPPOLO ◽

A. MANTOVANI

Keyword(s):

Low Doses ◽

Term Administration

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Vascular Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Mediates the Inhibition of Myogenic Reactivity in Small Arteries Isolated from Rats after Short-Term Administration of Relaxin

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2006-0989 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 148 (1) ◽

pp. 189-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Arundhathi Jeyabalan ◽

Jacqueline Novak ◽

Ketah D. Doty ◽

Julianna Matthews ◽

Michelle C. Fisher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽

Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ◽

Short Term ◽

Small Arteries ◽

Term Administration ◽

Metalloproteinase 9

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Short-term and long-term international scientific mobility of Italian PhDs: An analysis by gender

Proceedings e report - ASA 2021 Statistics and Information Systems for Policy Evaluation ◽

10.36253/978-88-5518-304-8.08 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 35-40

Author(s):

Valentina Tocchioni ◽

Alessandra Petrucci ◽

Alessandra Minello

Keyword(s):

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Early Career ◽

International Mobility ◽

Short Term ◽

Host Countries ◽

Academic Mobility ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Long Run ◽

The Brain

In the last years, there has been a large increase in high-educated and high-skilled people’s mobility as a consequence of the internationalization and globalization, the weakening of research and university systems of sending countries (the “brain drain” process), the increase in skilled demand and improvements in higher education of host countries (the “brain gain” process). At the micro-level, academic mobility has positive consequences on occupational prospects and careers of researchers, both in the short- and long- run. Nevertheless, numerous research studies have demonstrated the challenges of engaging in international academic mobility for people with caring responsibilities, particularly women. Using Italian data on occupational conditions of PhDs collected in 2018 by Istat and modelling multinomial logistic regression analyses, we intend to verify if female researchers are associated with a lower international mobility irrespective their field of study, and the extent to which gender interacts differently in the various fields of study in affecting the probability of moving abroad after PhD qualification. Also, the distinction between long-term and short-term mobility, which has been mainly neglected in the literature concentrating on longer stays, has taken into account. In this respect, short-term mobility is a potentially high-value investment that may be pursued also by those researchers and scientists who cannot move for longer periods, such as women with caring responsibilities. In the literature, it is acknowledged that an experience abroad during early career may have positive effects on future occupational prospects. With our work, we intend to shed light on potential disparities on moving abroad that may exist among researchers in their early career by gender, and which could contribute to leave behind women in academia.

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Functional Connectivity within Brain Networks of Long Term and Short term Meditators

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.b1120.1292s19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2S) ◽

pp. 29-34

Keyword(s):

Functional Connectivity ◽

Temporal Correlation ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Invasive Technique ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

Statistical Concept ◽

The Brain ◽

Meditative Practices

Meditation refers to a state of mind of relaxation and concentration, where generally the mind and body is at rest. The process of meditation reflects the state of the brain which is distinct from sleep or typical wakeful states of consciousness. Meditative practices usually involve regulation of emotions and monitoring of attention. Over the past decade there has been a tremendous increase in an interest to study the neural mechanisms involved in meditative practices. It could also be beneficial to explore if the effect of meditation is altered by the number of years of meditation practice. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a very useful imaging technique which can be used to perform this analysis due to its inherent benefits, mainly it being a non-invasive technique. Functional activation and connectivity analysis can be performed on the fMRI data to find the active regions and the connectivity in the brain regions. Functional connectivity is defined as a simple temporal correlation between anatomically separate, active neural regions. Functional connectivity gives the statistical dependencies between regional time series. It is a statistical concept and is quantified using metrics like Correlation. In this study, a comparison is made between functional connectivity in the brain regions of long term meditation practitioners (LTP) and short-term meditation practitioners (STP) to see the differences and similarities in the connectivity patterns. From the analysis, it is evident that in fact there is a difference in connectivity between long term and short term practitioners and hence continuous practice of meditation can have long term effects.

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Hematologic and Bone Marrow Changes after Short- and Long-term Administration of Two Recombinant Bovine Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factors

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1177/030098589202900606 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 521-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

J. S. Cullor ◽

W. Smith ◽

J. G. Zinkl ◽

J. D. Dellinger ◽

T. Boone

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Specific Response ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Study ◽

Colony Stimulating Factors ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Short Term Study ◽

Term Administration ◽

A Cell

Colony-stimulating factors are a category of glycoproteins that are instrumental in the regulation of hematopoiesis and inflammation. This investigation documented the clinical bone marrow and peripheral blood responses to short-term and long-term administration of a recombinant bovine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rb-GCSF) and an analog, where the cysteine at position 17 was substituted with a serine (rb-GCSF ser17). The colony-stimulating factors produced the expected changes in the hematologic findings of the bovine subjects in the study, and there was a cell-specific response to the compounds. The sustained neutrophilia in the long-term study indicates that the bovine species can tolerate the administration of recombinant forms of bovine GCSF for extended periods of time without detectable adverse side effects. The neutrophils from the short-term study revealed no apparent fluctuation, either as enhanced or reduced capability to reduce nitro blue tetrazolium as compared to pretreatment neutrophils. The administration of both recombinant forms of GCSF produced large increases in the bone marrow myeloid: erythroid (M:E) ratio concomitantly with the neutrophilias. This is the first preliminary report documenting the bone marrow response of cattle to the native and recombinant (rb-GCSF ser17) forms of bovine GCSF.

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Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Long-Term Therapy With Didanosine in Children with HIV Infection

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.94.5.724 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 94 (5) ◽

pp. 724-731 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Brigitta U. Mueller ◽

Karina M. Butler ◽

Vicki L. Stocker ◽

Frank M. Balis ◽

Philip A. Pizzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Chronic Administration ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Term Therapy ◽

Short Term ◽

Apparent Relationship ◽

Term Administration ◽

Long Term Therapy

Background. Didanosine has demonstrated promising antiviral activity and a tolerable toxicity profile in short term studies. We describe a cohort of HIV-infected children who were treated for a prolonged period of time with didanosine. Methods. Children (6 months to 18 years of age) with symptomatic HIV infection or an absolute CD4 count < 0.5 x 109 cells/L, received oral didanosine at doses between 20 mg/m2 to 180 mg/m2 every 8 hours. Clinical, immunological, and virological parameters were assessed at least every 2 months. The pharmacokinetics of didanosine were evaluated in 85 patients. Results. Previously untreated children (n = 51) and children who had received prior antiretroviral therapy (n = 52) were enrolled in the study (median time on study 22.6 months; range 2 to 48). The long-term administration of didanosine was well tolerated and no new toxicities were observed. The absolute CD4 count increased by ≥ .05 x 109 cells/L in 28 of 87 (32%) of patients after 6 months of therapy. Responses were also sustained in 41% of these children after 3 years of therapy. Children entering the study with a CD4 count >0.1 x 109 cells/L (n = 51) had a marked survival advantage (P = .00002) with an estimated survival probability after 3 years of 80% compared to 39% for children with lower CD4 counts. Although the area under the curve of didanosine increased proportionally with the dose, there was considerable interpatient variability at each dose level. There was no apparent relationship between surrogate markers of clinical outcome and plasma drug concentration. Conclusions. Didanosine was well tolerated with chronic administration, and toxicities were uncommon and usually reversible. In 41% of patients, the CD4 count increased and was maintained at the higher level even after years of treatment.

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