scholarly journals A reconstruction theory of relational schema induction

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e1008641
Author(s):  
Steven Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Learning Transfer ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Structure Mapping ◽  
Stimulus Relations ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Relational Schema ◽  
Structural Consistency ◽  
Relational Concepts ◽  
Tannakian Reconstruction

Learning transfer (i.e. accelerated learning over a series of structurally related learning tasks) differentiates species and age-groups, but the evolutionary and developmental implications of such differences are unclear. To this end, the relational schema induction paradigm employing tasks that share algebraic (group-like) structures was introduced to contrast stimulus-independent (relational) versus stimulus-dependent (associative) learning processes. However, a theory explaining this kind of relational learning transfer has not been forthcoming beyond a general appeal to some form of structure-mapping, as typically assumed in models of analogy. In this paper, we provide a theory of relational schema induction as a “reconstruction” process: the algebraic structure underlying transfer is reconstructed by comparing stimulus relations, learned within each task, for structural consistency across tasks—formally, the theory derives from a category theory version of Tannakian reconstruction. The theory also applies to non-human studies of relational concepts, thereby placing human and non-human transfer on common ground for sharper comparison and contrast. As the theory and paradigm do not depend on linguistic ability, we also have a way for pinpointing where aspects of human learning diverge from other species without begging the question of language.

scholarly journals Measuring learning transfer in a financial institution (Part 2)

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
W J Coetsee ◽  
R Eiselen
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Learning Transfer ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Transfer Factors ◽  
Learning Transfer System Inventory ◽  
Language Groups

The purpose of this study was to identify learning transfer variables impacting on learning transfer using the Learning Transfer System Inventory (LTSI). The secondary objective was to determine if there are any statistically significant differences in the mean transfer variable scores between geographical areas, years of service, age groups, sex, qualifications and language groups. The sample used in this study was a convenience sample of 240 employees working for a Banking group. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and posthoc tests were used to analyse the data. The results show that, while age and gender do not have an impact on the learning transfer factors, level of education, home language and both length of service within the organisation and in the current position do. Geographic area also impacts on learning transfer indicators. Effect sizes, however, are small to moderate

Group-analytic Practice Today: Intersubjective Perspectives and the Relational Paradigm

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Potthoff
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Group Processes ◽  
Group Session ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Individual Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relational Concepts ◽  
Cross Fertilization

Over the past 50 years psychoanalysis and group analysis have quite moved apart from each other with very little exchange and cooperation left, while the pioneers of group analysis (Foulkes, Bion) emphasized the link with psychoanalysis. With the ‘intersubjective turn’ in psychoanalysis during the 1980s substantial common ground for group analysis and psychoanalysis has emerged, but not been completely recognized and appreciated in both disciplines. The author demonstrates areas of possible overlap and cross-fertilization mainly drawing on concepts from relational psychoanalysis. The idea of the inevitable embeddedness of analyst and analysand in the psychoanalytic process has already been present in Foulkes’ writings concerning the role of the conductor, but not very much elaborated. Other relational concepts like dissociation, enactment, mutuality and self-disclosure might be fruitfully integrated into contemporary group-analytic theorizing, too. Conversely, group-analytic perspectives could increase awareness of the importance of context (social, cultural, institutional) also for the dynamics of individual analysis. The understanding of group processes could help to grasp and negotiate more successfully the notorious difficulties in psychoanalytic institutions. To illustrate theory the author presents detailed material from a group session.

The Fragmentation of the Ethnic Segments in Plural Societies –the Macedonian Case

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Qashif Bakiu ◽  
Ylber Sela
Keyword(s):  
Political Party ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
Special Approach ◽  
High Degree

In cases where different parts of society live in geographical proximity, but in social aspect separated, the appearance of segmentation is one of the characteristics. Establishing the segments is done mainly on the ethnic grounds, but there are religious, linguistic, and racial based cases as well. Such a social phenomenon is present in Macedonia, wherein this phenomenon is more reflected in the relation between two major communities, the Macedonian and Albanian communities. If merely on social indicators researched so far, we can conclude that the ethnic communities are fragmented to a very high degree, that the same have no common ground, especially the one of political – party common ground. The previous conclusion is the presence of ethno-party pluralism. In this paperwork, in practical terms, our aim is to prove the high degree of fragmentation of ethnic segments in political action plan, respectively that of political party, as well as to determine the lines of expectations of the process flow, in view of the partisan multi-ethnic interaction or inaction. The measurement level of the fragmentation of segments is done by two sociological surveys (with approximately 1,000 respondents) specific to this case, for both ethnic communities, having involved the other ethnicities as well. Meanwhile, apart from other age groups, a special approach is made to the youngest age group, defining the two target groups of 18-25 and 25-30 years. Other reasons influencing the stagnation of partisan inter-ethnic cooperation have been part of this treatment as well.

Similarity Retrieval and Cluster Analysis Using R* Trees

2009 ◽  
pp. 547-554
Author(s):  
Jiaxiong Pi ◽  
Yong Shi ◽  
Zhengxin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Knowledge Retrieval ◽  
Structure Mapping ◽  
Document Structure ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Important Relationship ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

Data mining is aimed at the extraction of interesting (i.e., nontrivial, implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful) patterns or knowledge from huge amounts of data. In order to make data mining manageable, data mining has to be database centered. Yet, data mining goes beyond the traditional realm of database techniques; in particular, reasoning methods developed from machine learning techniques and other fields in artificial intelligence (AI) have made important contributions in data mining. Data mining thus offers an excellent opportunity to explore the interesting fundamental issue of the relationship between data and knowledge retrieval and inference and reasoning. Decades ago, researchers made an important remark stating that since knowledge retrieval must respect the semantics of the representation language, knowledge retrieval is a limited form of inference operating on the stored facts (Frisch & Allen, 1982). The inverse side of this statement has also been explored, which views inference as an extension of retrieval. For example, Chen (1996) described a computer model that is able to generate suggestions through document structure mapping based on the notion of reasoning as extended knowledge retrieval; the model was implemented using a relational approach. However, although the issue of foundations of data mining has attracted much attention among data mining researchers (ICDM, 2004), little work has been done on the important relationship between retrieval and inference (or mining). A possible reason of lacking such kind of research is the difficulty of identifying an appropriate common ground that can be used to examine both data retrieval and data mining.

An Ultrastructural Study of the Proliferation Patterns of the Reserve Cells of the Human Cervix Uteri

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 80-81
Author(s):  
Takanori Sohda ◽  
Hiroshi Saito ◽  
Goro Asano ◽  
Katsunari Fukushi ◽  
Katsuya Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Cervix Uteri ◽  
Morphological Aspect ◽  
Functional Aspect ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Human Cervix ◽  
Morphological Patterns

Recently, the functional aspect as well as morphological aspect of the reserve cells in the cervix uteri drew much attention in view of the carcinogenesis in squamocolumunar junction. In this communication, the authors elucidate the ultrastructural features of the reserve cells in patients of various age groups visiting our university hospital and affiliated hospital.From conventional light microscopic point of view, the reserve cells tend to be pronounced in various pathological conditions, such as the persisting inflammation, proliferative disorders and irritation of hormones. The morphological patterns of the reserve cells from various stage and degree of irritation were observed.

Effects of aging on axon terminals in the dentate molecular layer

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 928-929
Author(s):  
K. Cullen-Dockstader ◽  
E. Fifkova
Keyword(s):  
Granule Cells ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Perforant Path ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Spatial Memory Deficit ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Normal aging results in a pronounced spatial memory deficit associated with a rapid decay of long-term potentiation at the synapses between the perforant path and spines in the medial and distal thirds of the dentate molecular layer (DML), suggesting the alteration of synaptic transmission in the dentate fascia. While the number of dentate granule cells remains unchanged, and there are no obvious pathological changes in these cells associated with increasing age, the density of their axospinous contacts has been shown to decrease. There are indications that the presynaptic element is affected by senescence before the postsynaptic element, yet little attention has been given to the fine structure of the remaining axon terminals. Therefore, we studied the axon terminals of the perforant path in the DML across three age groups.5 Male rats (Fischer 344) of each age group (3, 24 and 30 months), were perfused through the aorta.

Detection, Averaging, and 3D Reconstruction of Biological Specimens on Hypercubes (Transputer-based) Computers

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Jose-Maria Carazo ◽  
I. Benavides ◽  
S. Marco ◽  
J.L. Carrascosa ◽  
E.L. Zapata
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Software Tools ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
Computer Architectures ◽  
Parallel Computer ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Obtaining the three-dimensional (3D) structure of negatively stained biological specimens at a resolution of, typically, 2 - 4 nm is becoming a relatively common practice in an increasing number of laboratories. A combination of new conceptual approaches, new software tools, and faster computers have made this situation possible. However, all these 3D reconstruction processes are quite computer intensive, and the middle term future is full of suggestions entailing an even greater need of computing power. Up to now all published 3D reconstructions in this field have been performed on conventional (sequential) computers, but it is a fact that new parallel computer architectures represent the potential of order-of-magnitude increases in computing power and should, therefore, be considered for their possible application in the most computing intensive tasks.We have studied both shared-memory-based computer architectures, like the BBN Butterfly, and local-memory-based architectures, mainly hypercubes implemented on transputers, where we have used the algorithmic mapping method proposed by Zapata el at. In this work we have developed the basic software tools needed to obtain a 3D reconstruction from non-crystalline specimens (“single particles”) using the so-called Random Conical Tilt Series Method. We start from a pair of images presenting the same field, first tilted (by ≃55°) and then untilted. It is then assumed that we can supply the system with the image of the particle we are looking for (ideally, a 2D average from a previous study) and with a matrix describing the geometrical relationships between the tilted and untilted fields (this step is now accomplished by interactively marking a few pairs of corresponding features in the two fields). From here on the 3D reconstruction process may be run automatically.

RTS,S/AS01, a vaccine targeting pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-537
Author(s):  
Lorenz von Seidlein ◽  
Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn ◽  
Podjanee Jittmala ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
Keyword(s):  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Sub Saharan

RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine to prevent malaria. It is safe and moderately effective. A large pivotal phase III trial in over 15 000 young children in sub-Saharan Africa completed in 2014 showed that the vaccine could protect around one-third of children (aged 5–17 months) and one-fourth of infants (aged 6–12 weeks) from uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The European Medicines Agency approved licensing and programmatic roll-out of the RTSS vaccine in malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO is planning further studies in a large Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme, in more than 400 000 young African children. With the changing malaria epidemiology in Africa resulting in older children at risk, alternative modes of employment are under evaluation, for example the use of RTS,S/AS01 in older children as part of seasonal malaria prophylaxis. Another strategy is combining mass drug administrations with mass vaccine campaigns for all age groups in regional malaria elimination campaigns. A phase II trial is ongoing to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the RTSS in combination with antimalarial drugs in Thailand. Such novel approaches aim to extract the maximum benefit from the well-documented, short-lasting protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01.

Cognitive Load Affects Speech Motor Performance Differently in Older and Younger Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1258-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan K. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Movement Duration ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Speech Motor

PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the impact of cognitive load imposed by a speech production task on the speech motor performance of healthy older and younger adults. Response inhibition, selective attention, and working memory were the primary cognitive processes of interest.MethodTwelve healthy older and 12 healthy younger adults produced multiple repetitions of 4 sentences containing an embedded Stroop task in 2 cognitive load conditions: congruent and incongruent. The incongruent condition, which required participants to suppress orthographic information to say the font colors in which color words were written, represented an increase in cognitive load relative to the congruent condition in which word text and font color matched. Kinematic measures of articulatory coordination variability and movement duration as well as a behavioral measure of sentence production accuracy were compared between groups and conditions and across 3 sentence segments (pre-, during-, and post-Stroop).ResultsIncreased cognitive load in the incongruent condition was associated with increased articulatory coordination variability and movement duration, compared to the congruent Stroop condition, for both age groups. Overall, the effect of increased cognitive load was greater for older adults than younger adults and was greatest in the portion of the sentence in which cognitive load was manipulated (during-Stroop), followed by the pre-Stroop segment. Sentence production accuracy was reduced for older adults in the incongruent condition.ConclusionsIncreased cognitive load involving response inhibition, selective attention, and working memory processes within a speech production task disrupted both the stability and timing with which speech was produced by both age groups. Older adults' speech motor performance may have been more affected due to age-related changes in cognitive and motoric functions that result in altered motor cognition.

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