Esperanza Window Traps for the collection of anthropophilic blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Uganda and Tanzania

Experimental huts similar in construction to the dwellings commonly used in East Africa, but with exit window traps, were sprayed with various formulations of the three residual insecticides, DDT, BHC, and dieldrin, and the effect on the A. gambiae and A. funestus entering them was observed.The almost complete absence of kill recorded by Muirhead Thomson (1950) in experiments in similar huts in Tanganyika treated with DDT Ditreen was not confirmed by these experiments.A significant proportion of the A. gambiae and A. funestus entering huts treated with DDT did, however, escape unharmed, even immediately after treatment, whereas with the other insecticides, BHC and dieldrin, none of these mosquitos escaped the effect at least in the first month after treatment.In preliminary experiments in which observations were carried on for nine months after treatments, BHC P.530 still showed some effect after seven months. This was almost certainly due to the fumigant effect of the small amount of insecticide still remaining below the wall surface. The irritant properties of the two DDT formulations, Ditreen and the oil-bound suspension “Supona” D, still existed after nine months.In a second group of experiments, dosages of less than 80 mg. DDT and less than 60 mg. BHC (8 mg. of the gamma isomer) per sq. ft. gave over 50 per cent. kills of A. gambiae and A. funestus for only one month.In a third group of experiments, using two formulations of BHC, five of DDT, one of a mixture of DDT and BHC and one of dieldrin:—(a) Dieldrin was by far the most efficient insecticide and gave very high kills for over seven months.(b) The DDT formulations, Murphy paste, Murphy wettable powder, suspensions of DDT crystals <30 μ and 30–70 μ in diameter, when applied to the whole internal surface of the huts, produced fairly high kills over the period of the observations (six to seven months), but significant proportions of the mosquitos escaped their action even immediately after treatment.(c) The BHC formulations, P.520 and the oil-bound suspension “Supona” B, gave high kills for three to four months only.(d) The mixture of BHC and DDT in oil-bound suspension “Supona” DB gave the high initial kill of BHC and the long-lasting moderately high kill of DDT.(e) Against C. fatigans all the DDT formulations used in the third group of experiments gave very low kills, the BHC formulations high initial kills and dieldrin high long-lasting kills.BHC has marked fumigant and particulate properties lasting for three to four months. Dieldrin has a remarkable particulate action, which produces for the whole six-month period of the experiment, very high kills among mosquitos suspended without actual contact with the insecticidal surfaces; DDT only shows this particulate effect to a slight extent.It is probable that the differences in the toxicities to mosquitos of the insecticides used in these experiments is due partly to differences in the irritant properties of the insecticides. In the case of DDT many of the mosquitos having contact with this insecticide are irritated and escape from the treated surface before acquiring a lethal dose.

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The Behaviour and Mortality of Anopheles maculatus and Culex fatigans in experimental Huts treated with DDT and BHC

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300025104 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

R. H. Wharton

Keyword(s):

Light Trap ◽

Trap Catch ◽

Water Dispersible ◽

Experimental Huts ◽

Culex Fatigans ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Biting Rate ◽

Window Traps ◽

Mansonia Uniformis ◽

Outdoor Resting

Experimental huts fitted with window traps, of the same basic design as those described by Thomson (1948), modified for Malayan conditions, were used in studying the behaviour and mortality of A. maculatus in relation to DDT and BHC. Other species of Anophelines formed a large proportion of the human bait trap catch but rarely entered the huts.In untreated huts, A. maculatus fed at all hours of the night with a peak between 9 p.m. and midnight. The large majority left before 8 a.m. in search of outdoor resting places, at least 50 per cent. before dawn. It appeared that attraction to light was the strongest, but not the only factor influencing exit from the huts.Large numbers of Culicines (mostly Culex fatigans) were recovered. In untreated huts about 80 per cent. were blood fed ; 28 per cent. were in the window traps.DDT (33 per cent.) and BHC (“ Gammexane P530 and P520 ”) water dispersible powders were tested.An application of 100 mg. DDT and 20 mg. γ BHC (P530) per sq. ft. was unsuccessful, due in part to the small numbers of mosquitos recovered. No conclusions are drawn from the results.DDT at 200 mg. and BHC (P520) at 40 mg. γ isomer per sq. ft. were both effective for at least 12 to 16 weeks against A. maculatus. With DDT, 63 per cent. initial, and 83 per cent. 24-hour corrected mortalities were recorded over 16 weeks. With BHC, though the initial mortality dropped from 100 per cent. in weeks 1–4 to 19 per cent. in weeks 12–16, the 24-hour mortality, almost 100 per cent. for weeks 1–10, was still 88 per cent. for weeks 12–16.DDT apparently had little effect on the feeding of A. maculatus ; with BHC there was a reduction in the percentage fed.DDT was relatively non-lethal to C. fatigans, but had a marked irritant effect driving them into the light trap and the biting rate was reduce to 45 per cent. BHC killed all C. fatigans which entered for 2 weeks but most of its toxic effects were lost by the eighth week. The biting rate was reduced to 27 per cent. for weeks 1 to 8 and the majority of mosquitos were recovered in the light trap.Ants, cockroaches, spiders, etc., were found to affect the number of mosquitos recovered and special precautions had to be taken against losses.The results suggested that BHC when freshly applied acts as a repellent to mosquitos.Mansonia uniformis was shown to be susceptible to both DDT and BHC residual deposits.

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A verandah-trap hut for studying the house-frequenting habits of mosquitos and for assessing insecticides. II.—The effect of dichlorvos (DDVP) on egress and mortality of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Mansonia uniformis (Theo.) entering naturally

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300056364 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 275-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Alec Smith

Keyword(s):

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Chemical Analyses ◽

Window Traps ◽

Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽

Mansonia Uniformis

Assessment of the effects of dichlorvos (DDVP), released from a Ciba XI dispenser, on females of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Mansonia uniformis (Theo.) entering a verandah-trap hut in the Umbugwe area of Tanzania was made over a period of two months in 1964. Of the numbers of A. gambiae that entered one treated and one untreated hut, 27 per cent, of those entering the hut treated with dichlorvos and 48 per cent, of those entering the untreated hut left again. Of the numbers leaving each hut, 38 per cent, left through the eaves of the treated hut as compared with 9 per cent, in the untreated one. In the case of M. uniformis, 88 per cent, of those entering the treated hut and 94 per cent, of those entering the untreated hut left again. Of the numbers leaving each hut, 59 per cent, left through the eaves of the treated hut as compared with 61 per cent, in the untreated one.Over-all mortalities were 56 per cent, for A. gambiae and 34 per cent, for M. uniformis when the eave-egress fraction from the treated hut was taken into account, compared with 62 per cent, for A. gambiae and 43 per cent, for M. uniformis when the eave-egress fraction was ignored.The results of bioassays and of chemical analyses showed that the problem of mortality from fumigation in situ was considerably less in verandah traps than indoors or in window traps fitted with funnels of cotton netting.

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Pheromones affecting flying beetles colonizing the polypores Fomes fomentarius and Fomitopsis pinicola

Entomologica Fennica ◽

10.33338/ef.83937 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 161-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mattias Jonsson ◽

Göran Nordlander ◽

Mats Jonsell

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Long Range ◽

Beetle Species ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽

Fomes Fomentarius ◽

Males And Females ◽

Window Traps

The existence of long-range pheromones in five beetle species breeding in polypore fruiting bodies was studied in a field experiment. Species included were: Dorcatoma robusta Strand (Anoblidae),Cis jacquemarti Mellie (Cisidae), and Bolitophagus reticulatus (L.) (Tenebrionidae) breeding in Fomes fomentarius (L. ex Fr.), as well as Dorcatoma punctulata Mulsant & Rey and Cis glabratus Mellie breeding in Fomitopsis pinicola Fr. (Karst). Catches of these species in window traps baited with pieces of polypores, together with females or males of the same species, were compared with catches in traps baited with only polypores. Catches of D. punctulata and C. jacquemarti were low, and no B. reticulatus were caught. Males of D. robusta were strongly attracted by conspecific females. In this species, only the females were attracted to host odour. No pheromone attraction was demonstrated in C. glabratus, in which males and females were about equally attracted to the odour of their host.

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Vertical distribution of scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) in a beech forest

Fragmenta Faunistica ◽

10.3161/00159301ff2016.59.1.039 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 39-46

Author(s):

Carlos GARCÍA-ROMERA ◽

◽

Jose Antonio BARRIENTOS

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Vertical Distribution ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Beech Forest ◽

Herb Layer ◽

Canopy Layer ◽

Shrub Layer ◽

Natural Park ◽

Window Traps

The structure of scuttle fly communities in vegetative strata of a beech forest in the Montseny Natural Park (Catalonia, Spain) was compared. Window traps were used from March 1990 to March 1991. Relative abundance and species richness of scuttle flies were higher in the herb and shrub layers than in the canopy, while diversity was not significantly different between strata. Saprophagous species dominated in all strata, while the mycophagous and zoophagous species decreased with height. Herb layer was dominated by Megaselia pectoralis and M. subpleuralis. Shrub layer was dominated by M. pectoralis, M. pectorella, M. diversa, M. subpleuralis and M. superciliata. Canopy layer was dominated by M. pectorella, M. pectoralis, M. pusilla and M. diversa.

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New species of Pseudoscorpiones (Arachnida) from tree hollows in a Mediterranean oak forest in Spain

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4497.2.3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4497 (2) ◽

pp. 201 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

JESÚS HERNÁNDEZ-CORRAL ◽

JUAN A. ZARAGOZA ◽

ESTEFANÍA MICÓ

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Iberian Peninsula ◽

New Records ◽

Oak Forest ◽

Quercus Pyrenaica ◽

Previous Record ◽

Tree Hollows ◽

Emergence Traps ◽

Window Traps ◽

Three New Species

Pseudoscorpions inhabiting mature Quercus pyrenaica Willd. trees have been surveyed using hollow emergence traps and window traps in Salamanca, Spain. Three new species are described: Neobisium (N.) hispanicum Zaragoza & Hernández-Corral, n. sp., Rhacochelifer gaeli Zaragoza & Hernández-Corral, n. sp. and Rhacochelifer nonidezi Zaragoza & Hernández-Corral, n. sp. The genera Amblyolpium Simon, 1898 and Beierochelifer Mahnert, 1977 and the species Amblyolpium dollfusi Simon, 1898 and Beierochelifer peloponnesiacus (Beier, 1929) are new records for the Iberian Peninsula. Beierochelifer peloponnesiacus jonicus (Beier, 1932) is shown to be a junior subjective synonym of B. peloponnesiacus n. syn. New regional records of five other species belonging to the families Cheliferidae, Chernetidae and Withiidae are given. Keys are given for the species of the genera Pseudorhacochelifer Beier, 1976 and Rhacochelifer Beier, 1932 with elongated keels on posterolateral corners of carapace and anterior tergites in males, and for the Rhacochelifer species of the Iberian Peninsula. Complementary data to the description of the female syntypes from Caravaca (Murcia, mainland Spain) and males from the Canary Islands of Rhacochelifer pinicola (Nonídez, 1917) are given. Brief redescriptions of the female of Neobisium (N.) maroccanum Beier, 1930 and the male of Rhacochelifer euboicus Mahnert, 1977 are provided. The previous record of R. disjunctus from Slovakia is shown to be an error for R. euboicus. New data on the distribution and habitats of species of Cheliferidae, Chernetidae and Withiidae are given.

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Description of Marolia alicantina sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Melandryidae) from Spain and new distribution records of Marolia species

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4920.3.6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4920 (3) ◽

pp. 407-416

Author(s):

ONDŘEJ KONVIČKA ◽

HERVÉ BRUSTEL

Keyword(s):

North Africa ◽

Type Series ◽

Natural Park ◽

Window Traps ◽

First Time ◽

New Distribution ◽

Quercus Rotundifolia

Marolia alicantina sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Melandryidae) from eastern Spain is described and illustrated. All specimens were collected using window traps on Quercus rotundifolia Lamarck, 1785 (Fagaceae) in the Carrascar de la Font Roja Natural Park (Alicante, Spain). M. alicantina sp. nov. is the only European Marolia having erect setae on the elytra and pronotum. M. alicantina resembles M. grandis Peyerimhoff, 1971 from north Africa, from which it can distinguished by the denser punctuation of the pronotum, shape of the base of the pronotum and shape of the aedeagus. Furthermore, unpublished records for other Marolia species are presented in this paper; in particular M. purkynei Mařan, 1933 is recorded for the first time in Croatia and Greece. The authors had the chance to study six specimens, subsequently labelled as syntypes, of the M. purkynei type series. The location of the remaining possible syntype remains unknown.

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ARTHROPOD BIODIVERSITY FROM POPULUS COARSE WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTH-CENTRAL ALBERTA: A REVIEW OF TAXA AND COLLECTION METHODS

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent1291009-6 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 129 (6) ◽

pp. 1009-1033 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

H.E. James Hammond

Keyword(s):

Trophic Structure ◽

Feeding Habits ◽

North Central ◽

Number Of Species ◽

Collecting Methods ◽

Saproxylic Species ◽

Window Traps ◽

Arthropod Biodiversity ◽

Collection Methods ◽

Coarse Woody Material

AbstractArthropods associated with Populus coarse woody material (CWM) were sampled from aspen-mixedwood stands in north-central Alberta using rearings from wood bolts and flight-intercept traps attached to snags. More than 39 000 arthropod specimens were collected over 3 years, comprised mainly of Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Acari. Detailed analyses are provided to compare the number of species, standardized abundance, and trophic structure between collecting methods for 257 saproxylic species of Coleoptera. Abundance of beetle species, from both rearings and window traps, and rarefaction estimates of species richness indicate little difference between methods with respect to expected number of species. However the abundance of particular beetle families differed significantly between methods, with the Aderidae, Anthicidae, and Scaphidiidae collected mainly in rearings and the Micropeplidae, Bostrichidae, Cephaloidae, Clambidae, Salpingidae, and Tenebrionidae more commonly collected with window traps. Fungivorous and predatory beetles were more abundant in CWM than wood borers, scavengers, or taxa with undetermined feeding habits, but the two methods revealed similar overall trophic structure. To census the variability in saproxylic arthropod faunas from CWM, a combination of collecting methods is recommended.

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Conservation-oriented manipulations of coarse woody debris affect its value as habitat for spruce-infesting bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in northern Sweden

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x05-235 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 174-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Therese Johansson ◽

Heloise Gibb ◽

Jacek Hilszczański ◽

Roger B Pettersson ◽

Joakim Hjältén ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Boreal Forests ◽

Woody Debris ◽

Habitat Preferences ◽

Pest Species ◽

Northern Sweden ◽

Trypodendron Lineatum ◽

Opposite Pattern ◽

Pest Outbreaks ◽

Stand Type ◽

Window Traps

Many species of Scolytinae are pests in boreal forests, so factors that affect their abundance are of great interest to forestry. Using emergence and window traps we examined the effects of stand type and substrate characteristics on the abundance of spruce-infesting Scolytinae in northern Sweden. Several species of Scolytinae (Crypturgus subcribrosus, Hylastes cunicularius, Hylurgops palliatus, Pityogenes chalcographus, Polygraphus punctifrons) were captured in greater numbers on snags than on untreated logs. Log exposure also had a significant effect on some species, H. palliatus and Trypodendron lineatum were more abundant in window traps on artificially shaded logs than on naturally shaded or untreated logs. Significantly fewer Dryocoetes autographus, H. palliatus,Hylurgops glabratus, andH. cunicularius were captured on burned logs than on untreated logs. Stand type clearly affected several species, P. chalcographus emerged in greater numbers on clearcuts than in mature managed and old-growth stands, and D. autographus,H. glabratus, and T. lineatum showed the opposite pattern. Historical records suggest that pest outbreaks are rare in northern Sweden; however, improved knowledge of the habitat preferences of potential pest species in this region will allow us to take the necessary precautions against outbreaks, whilst leaving sufficient dead wood to support intact saproxylic assemblages.

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Are insect flower visitor assemblages distinguishable between Brassica napus and B. rapa?

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.162 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 71 ◽

pp. 189-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brad G. Howlett ◽

Ruth C. Butler ◽

Melanie K. Walker ◽

David A.J. Teulon

Keyword(s):

Brassica Napus ◽

Seed Quality ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Crop Species ◽

Flower Visitor ◽

Assemblage Composition ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Window Traps ◽

Delia Platura

Brassica napus and Brassica rapa are grown across six continents for purposes including oilseed, biofuel, vegetables and livestock fodder. Hybridisation between the two can downgrade seed quality reducing grower returns. We assess the similarity of flower visitor assemblages of both species to determine the applicability of pollinator management strategies to both. Insect taxa were collected using window traps placed within ten peak-flowering fields, five each of B. napus and B. rapa (one cultivar/species) located in South Canterbury, New Zealand. Both crops contained similar flower visitor assemblages with 25 of 29 taxa in common. Of the 1549 insects counted, Apis mellifera was most abundant (~40% of individuals in both crops). Bombus terrrestris and the flies Delia platura, and Oxysarcodexia varia were also common. Crop location more likely influenced assemblage composition than crop species. Strategies to boost the role of bee and non-bee pollinators have potential benefits for both crops; however, a broader understanding of pollinator movement between crops is required to optimise seed purity and crop spacing.

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