High accuracy of an ELISA test based in a flagella antigen of Leishmania in serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis with potential to improve the control measures in Brazil – A Phase II study

In this paper, we present spatial analysis of the association between all incidents cases of human Visceral Leishmaniasis and seropositive dogs, from 1994 to 1997 in Belo Horizonte, a large Brazilian city. We geocoded 158 human cases and 11,048 seropositive dogs and compared canine prevalence rates with Human Bayesian Incidence rates in the same areas. We also used Knox's test to evaluate the hypothesis of space-time clustering of human cases in the period. Additionally, we used Kernel's maps for seropositive dogs distribution and located the human cases in the resulting smooth maps. We concluded that human and dog rates are correlated. Also, the Visceral Leishmaniasis in Belo Horizonte spread quickly, but apart from the rates' magnitude, it has kept the same spatial pattern through time. We believe it is possible to use this technique to choose areas to implement control measures against Visceral Leishmaniasis in a more efficient way.

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Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis (Alum-precipitated autoclavedLeishmania major+ BCG) in children: an extended phase II study

Annals of Tropical Paediatrics ◽

10.1179/146532806x152890 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 357-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Eltahir Awad Gasim Khalil ◽

Ahmed Mudawi Musa ◽

Farroukh Modabber ◽

Ahmed Mohamed El-Hassan

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Phase Ii ◽

Phase Ii Study ◽

Candidate Vaccine ◽

Extended Phase

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Autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis cases occur in Paraná state since 2012: isolation and identification of Leishmania infantum

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612019083 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Renata Cristina Ferreira Dias ◽

Aline Kuhn Sbruzzi Pasquali ◽

Vanete Thomaz-Soccol ◽

Eliane Maria Pozzolo ◽

Luciana Chiyo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Leishmania Infantum ◽

Buffy Coat ◽

Control Measures ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Collaborative Control ◽

Stage 4 ◽

The City

Abstract The aim of this study was to confirm the emergence of canine visceral leishmaniasis among dogs in Foz do Iguaçu. The disease was diagnosed through the isolation and molecular identification of Leishmania infantum. In the first sample collection stage (2012), three lymph node aspirates and 46 buffy coat samples were obtained mostly from the dogs that were seroreagents for leishmaniasis. In the second sample collection stage (2013), the buffy coat samples were collected from 376 dogs located close to Paraguay, Paraná river, center and peripheral parts of the city. The DNA from the six isolates, four from the first sampling stage (4/49) and two from the second sampling stage (2/376), was subjected to polymerase chain reaction using the K26F/R primers. The isolate was confirmed as L. infantum by sequencing. As none of the dogs had ever left the city, the isolates were confirmed as autochthonous. Further, the study confirmed the emergence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Paraná through the identification of L. infantum among dogs in Foz do Iguaçu city. Hence, collaborative control measures should be designed and implemented by the public agencies and research institutions of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay to control the spread of visceral leishmaniasis.

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Outbreak of autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis in Santa Catarina, Brazil

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2013000400013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 490-496 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Mário Steindel ◽

Álvaro Menin ◽

Tatiane Evangelista ◽

Patrícia H. Stoco ◽

Mariel A. Marlow ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Control Measures ◽

Health Concern ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Santa Catarina ◽

Control Center ◽

Spleen And Lymph Nodes ◽

And Control ◽

Autochthonous Transmission

The present study reports the first outbreak of autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Following the report of two cases of CVL, the Control Center of Zoonotic Diseases conducted a serological survey by ELISA and IFAT assays in seven districts of the Santa Catarina Island. Eleven seropositive dogs of autochthonous transmission were used in the present study. Infection by Leishmania sp. was confirmed by parasitological examination of bone marrow, liver, spleen and lymph nodes, culture in Schneider's medium and PCR. Leishmania sp. isolates were characterized by PCR-RFLP and hybridization with specific probes, allowing for the identification of Leishmania infantum. Autochthonous transmission of this disease in an area with high tourist traffic presents a major public health concern and signifies the emergence of an important zoonosis in southern Brazil. Therefore, the implementation of surveillance and control measures is imperative to prevent the spread of the disease among the canine population as well as transmission to the human population.

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Phase II validation study of the rK39 ELISA prototype for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00041320 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Fernanda Alvarenga Cardoso Medeiros ◽

Job Alves de Souza Filho ◽

José Ronaldo Barbosa ◽

Lucas Edel Donato ◽

Fabiano Borges Figueiredo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Validation Study ◽

Diagnostic Performance ◽

Clinical Status ◽

Control Measures ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Reference Standard ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Transmission Cycle ◽

Healthy Dogs

Abstract: Dogs are the main reservoirs in the domestic transmission cycle of visceral leishmaniasis, and the diagnosis is essential for the effectiveness of the control measures recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. We assessed the diagnostic performance of the ELISA-Vetlisa/BIOCLIN prototype with serum samples from 200 dogs, in triplicate, including symptomatic, oligosymptomatic, asymptomatic, and healthy dogs, originated by two distinct panels (A and B) characterized by parasitological tests as the reference standard. In this study, the prototype kit showed a 99% sensitivity (95%CI: 94.5-100.0) and a 100% specificity (95%CI: 96.4-100.0). The sensitivity of the prototype kit did not vary significantly with the clinical status of the dogs. Considering the final result classification (positive or negative), agreement between the results of repeated tests was almost perfect (kappa = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.98-1.00). ELISA-Vetlisa/BIOCLIN is a promising option for the serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.

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Differentials in the epidemiological profile of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Brazil

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6773 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Author(s):

Raizza B.S. Silva ◽

Laysa F. Franco-Silva ◽

Diana A. Lima ◽

Saul S. Fonseca ◽

Marília A.S. Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Urban Area ◽

Arid Region ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Control Measures ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Semi Arid Region ◽

Epidemiological Profile ◽

Semi Arid

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and to identify the differences in associated factors to its occurrence in urban area and countrysides in the municipality of Santa Luzia located in the semi-arid region of Paraíba. In the years 2015 and 2016, 779 blood samples from dogs were collected. The prevalence was determined by three serological techniques, ELISA-S7® Kit, DPP® Rapid Test and EIE-LVC® Kit, considering positive the samples that reacted in at least two assays. Associated factors were determined by univariate and multivariate analyzes of the guardians’ responses to the epidemiological questionnaire. The prevalence of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in the studied municipality was 15.00% (117/779), being higher in the urban area (15.20%) than in the countryside (13.60%). The neighborhood with the highest prevalence was Frei Damião with 26.40% (33/125), being considered a hotspot (OR 1.245, p=0.007). Other associated factors were the semi-domiciliary breeding (OR 1.798, p=0.025), in the urban area, and hunting dog (OR 18.505, p=0.016), contact with cattle (OR 17.298, p=0.022) and environment where the dog is raised (OR 4.802, p=0.024) in the countryside. In the municipality of Santa Luzia, the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis is high and the disease is widely distributed. Epidemiological differences between urban area and the countryside could be observed demonstrating the need for more adequate control measures for each locality and proving the urbanization process.

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Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: assessment of risk factors

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652003000200005 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 79-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Maria Alice A. Cabrera ◽

Adelzon A. Paula ◽

Luis Antonio B. Camacho ◽

Mauro Célio A. Marzochi ◽

Samanta C. Xavier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Antibody Test ◽

Control Measures ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Leishmania Chagasi ◽

The City ◽

Immunofluorescent Antibody Test ◽

Predictor Factors

Barra de Guaratiba is a coastal area of the city of Rio de Janeiro where American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is endemic. Although control measures including killing of dogs and use of insecticides have been applied at this locality, the canine seroprevalence remains at 25% and during 1995 and 1997 eight autochthonous human cases were notified. In order to evaluate factors related to the increase of the risk for Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs we have screened 365 dogs by anti-Leishmania immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and captured sandflies in the domestic and peridomestic environment. Some variables related to the infection were assessed by uni- and multivariate analysis. The distance of the residence from the forest border, its altitude and the presence of the opossum Didelphis marsupialis in the backyard, were found predictor factors for L. (L.) chagasi infection in dogs in Barra de Guaratiba. The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in the peridomestic environment indicates the possibility of appearence of new human cases. Our data also suggest the presence of a sylvatic enzootic cycle at this locality.

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First case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the midwestern of Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/1519-6984.241162 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 82 ◽

Author(s):

A. O. Pinto ◽

D. Carvalho ◽

C. Frizzo ◽

K. Lopes ◽

G. B. Tessari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Control Measures ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Santa Catarina ◽

First Case ◽

Santa Catarina State

Abstract Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies and a major zoonotic disease in Brazil. Due to the southward expansion of the disease within the country and the central role of dogs as urban reservoirs of the parasite, we have investigated the occurrence of CVL in two municipalities Erval Velho and Herval d’Oeste in the Midwest region of Santa Catarina state. Peripheral blood samples from 126 dogs were collected in both cities and tested for anti-L. infantum antibodies by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIF) and for the presence of parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in peripheral blood. From examined dogs, 35.71% (45/126) were positive for at least one of the three tests and two (1.6%) were positive in all performed tests. Twelve dogs (9.5%) were positive for both ELISA and IIF, while 21 dogs were exclusively positive for ELISA (16.7%), and 15 (11.9%) for IIF. L. infantum k-DNA was detected by PCR in 9 out of 126 dogs (7.1%) and clinical symptoms compatible with CVL were observed for 6 dogs. Taken together, these results indicate the transmission of CVL in this region, highlighting the needs for epidemiological surveillance and implementation of control measures for CVL transmission in this region.

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