Dissociable Components of Cognitive Control: An Event-Related Potential (ERP) Study of Response Inhibition and Interference Suppression

Abstract Sequential congruency effects are observed in interference tasks, in which RTs are shorter for congruent stimuli preceded by congruent (cC) than incongruent stimuli (iC), and RTs are longer for incongruent stimuli preceded by congruent (cI) than incongruent stimuli (iI). These effects are interpreted as resulting from incongruent stimuli triggering attentional control in the next trial, which reduces cognitive control. The aim of this study was to examine sequential congruency effects on ERP components for Go- and Nogo-stimuli using the hybrid reverse Stroop Go/Nogo task. Results indicated that the Nogo-N1 was reduced by trials preceded by incongruent stimuli compared to congruent ones, suggesting that color processing was inhibited by attentional control. However, there was no reduction in the Go-N1. Moreover, the Nogo-N2 amplitudes were larger for cI than iI and iC than cC. On the other hand, the Go-N2 was not modulated by sequential modulation effects, which was lower for incongruent stimuli than congruent stimuli. These results indicate that the Nogo-N2 is involved in cognitive control, whereas the Go-N2 is associated with selection processing. Therefore, it was suggested that response inhibition task demands are necessary for modulating the ERP components by sequential congruency effects.

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Sequential Congruency Effects of Reverse Stroop Interference on Event-Related Potential Components for Go- and Nogo-Stimuli

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678647 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Kota Suzuki

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Control ◽

Response Inhibition ◽

Attentional Control ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

The Other ◽

Task Demand ◽

Time Range ◽

Color Processing ◽

Sequential Modulation

Sequential congruency effects are observed in interference tasks, in which reaction times (RTs) are shorter for congruent stimuli preceded by congruent (cC) than incongruent stimuli (iC), and RTs are longer for incongruent stimuli preceded by congruent (cI) than incongruent stimuli (iI). These effects are interpreted as resulting from incongruent stimuli triggering attentional control in the next trial, which reduces cognitive control. This study aimed to examine sequential congruency effects on event-related potential (ERP) components for Go- and Nogo-stimuli. We used the hybrid reverse Stroop Go/Nogo task. The stimuli were Kanji characters, “赤” (i.e., red) and “青” (i.e., blue) painted in congruent and incongruent colors. Participants responded to one of the two characters (i.e, the Go-stimulus) and stopped responding to the other character (i.e., the Nogo-stimulus). The results indicated that the Nogo-N1 was reduced by trials preceded by incongruent stimuli compared with congruent ones, suggesting that color processing was inhibited by attentional control; however, there was no reduction in the Go-N1. In addition, the Nogo-N2 amplitudes were larger for cI than iI and iC than cC. On the other hand, the Go-N2 was not modulated by sequential modulation effects, which was lower for incongruent stimuli than congruent stimuli. These results indicate that the Nogo-N2 is involved in cognitive control, whereas the Go-N2 is associated with selection processing. These findings suggest that the modulation of sequential congruency effects of N1 and N2 required the response inhibition task demand; however, Go-P3 and Nogo-P3 amplitudes were the largest for cI. Therefore, the time range of ERP components might be related to the susceptibility of an interaction effect between response inhibition task demand and sequential congruency effects.

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Maturation of Cognitive Control: Delineating Response Inhibition and Interference Suppression

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0069826 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. e69826 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Christopher R. Brydges ◽

Mike Anderson ◽

Corinne L. Reid ◽

Allison M. Fox

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Control ◽

Response Inhibition ◽

Interference Suppression

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Inhibitory Mechanisms in the Processing of Negations: A Neural Reuse Hypothesis

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research ◽

10.1007/s10936-021-09796-x ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

David Beltrán ◽

Bo Liu ◽

Manuel de Vega

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Control ◽

Response Inhibition ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Functional Relation ◽

Control Mechanisms ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

General Domain ◽

Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽

Neural Reuse ◽

Theoretical Foundations

AbstractNegation is known to have inhibitory consequences for the information under its scope. However, how it produces such effects remains poorly understood. Recently, it has been proposed that negation processing might be implemented at the neural level by the recruitment of inhibitory and cognitive control mechanisms. On this line, this manuscript offers the hypothesis that negation reuses general-domain mechanisms that subserve inhibition in other non-linguistic cognitive functions. The first two sections describe the inhibitory effects of negation on conceptual representations and its embodied effects, as well as the theoretical foundations for the reuse hypothesis. The next section describes the neurophysiological evidence that linguistic negation interacts with response inhibition, along with the suggestion that both functions share inhibitory mechanisms. Finally, the manuscript concludes that the functional relation between negation and inhibition observed at the mechanistic level could be easily integrated with predominant cognitive models of negation processing.

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Inhibitory Dimensions and Delay of Gratification: A Comparative Study on Individuals with Down Syndrome and Typically Developing Children

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11050636 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 636

Author(s):

Martina Fontana ◽

Maria Carmen Usai ◽

Sandra Pellizzoni ◽

Maria Chiara Passolunghi

Keyword(s):

Down Syndrome ◽

Response Inhibition ◽

Interference Suppression ◽

Delay Of Gratification ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Typically Developing ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Typically Developing Children ◽

Mental Age ◽

Two Samples

While previous research on inhibition in people with Down syndrome (DS) reported contradictory results, with no explicit theoretical model, on the other hand, a more homogeneous impaired profile on the delay of gratification skills emerged. The main goal of the present study was to investigate response inhibition, interference suppression, and delay of gratification in 51 individuals with DS matched for a measure of mental age (MA) with 71 typically developing (TD) children. Moreover, we cross-sectionally explored the strengths and weaknesses of these components in children and adolescents vs. adults with DS with the same MA. A battery of laboratory tasks tapping on inhibitory sub-components and delay of gratification was administrated. Results indicated that individuals with DS showed an overall worse performance compared to TD children on response inhibition and delay of gratification, while no differences emerged between the two samples on the interference suppression. Additionally, our results suggested that older individuals with DS outperformed the younger ones both in response inhibition and in the delay of gratification, whereas the interference suppression still remains impaired in adulthood. This study highlights the importance of evaluating inhibitory sub-components considering both MA and chronological age in order to promote more effective and evidence-based training for this population.

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