scholarly journals Socioeconomic Inequalities in Smoking and Smoking Cessation Due to a Smoking Ban: General Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Luxembourg

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e0153966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastase Tchicaya ◽  
Nathalie Lorentz ◽  
Stefaan Demarest
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
General Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals COVID-19 infections among Healthcare Workers and Transmission within Households

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin L. Schwartz ◽  
Camille Achonu ◽  
Sarah A. Buchan ◽  
Kevin A. Brown ◽  
Brenda Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nosocomial Transmission ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Testing Bias

AbstractImportanceProtecting healthcare workers (HCWs) from COVID-19 is a priority to maintain a safe and functioning healthcare system. The risk of transmitting COVID-19 to family members is a source of stress for many.ObjectiveTo describe and compare HCW and non-HCW COVID-19 cases in Ontario, Canada, as well as the frequency of COVID-19 among HCWs’ household members.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsUsing reportable disease data at Public Health Ontario which captures all COVID-19 cases in Ontario, Canada, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional study comparing demographic, exposure, and clinical variables between HCWs and non-HCWs with COVID-19 as of 14 May 2020. We calculated rates of infections over time and determined the frequency of within household transmissions using natural language processing based on residential address.Exposures and OutcomesWe contrasted age, gender, comorbidities, clinical presentation (including asymptomatic and presymptomatic), exposure histories including nosocomial transmission, and clinical outcomes between HCWs and non-HCWs with confirmed COVID-19.ResultsThere were 4,230 (17.5%) HCW COVID-19 cases in Ontario, of whom 20.2% were nurses, 2.3% were physicians, and the remaining 77.4% other specialties. HCWs were more likely to be between 30-60 years of age and female. HCWs were more likely to present asymptomatically (8.1% versus 7.0%, p=0.010) or with atypical symptoms (17.8% versus 10.5%, p<0.001). The mortality among HCWs was 0.2% compared to 10.5% of non-HCWs. HCWs commonly had exposures to a confirmed case or outbreak (74.1%), however only 3.1% were confirmed to be nosocomial. The rate of new infections was 5.5 times higher in HCWs than non-HCWs, but mirrored the epidemic curve. We identified 391 (9.8%) probable secondary household transmissions and 143 (3.6%) acquisitions. Children < 19 years comprised 14.6% of secondary cases compared to only 4.2% of the primary cases.Conclusions and RelevanceHCWs represent a disproportionate number of COVID-19 cases in Ontario but with low confirmed numbers of nosocomial transmission. The data support substantial testing bias and under-ascertainment of general population cases. Protecting HCWs through appropriate personal protective equipment and physical distancing from colleagues is paramount.Key PointsQuestionWhat are the differences between healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers with COVID-19?FindingsIn this population-based cross-sectional study there were 4,230 healthcare workers comprising 17.5% of COVID-19 cases. Healthcare workers were diagnosed with COVID-19 at a rate 5.5 times higher than the general population with 0.8% of all healthcare workers, compared to 0.1% of non-healthcare workers.MeaningHigh healthcare worker COVID-19 burden highlights the importance of physical distancing from colleagues, appropriate personal protective equipment, as well as likely substantial testing bias and under-ascertainment of COVID-19 in the general population.

scholarly journals Activation of professional and personal network relations when experiencing a symptom: a population-based cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. e017620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Elnegaard ◽  
Rikke Sand Andersen ◽  
Anette Fischer Pedersen ◽  
Dorte Ejg Jarbøl
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Network Activation ◽  
Personal Relations ◽  
Professional Network ◽  
Symptom Experiences

ObjectiveTo describe patterns of disclosure of symptoms experienced among people in the general population to persons in their personal and/or professional network.DesignA population-based cross-sectional study. Data were collected from a web-based survey.SettingThe general population in Denmark.Participants100 000 individuals randomly selected, representative of the adult Danish population aged ≥20 years were invited. Approximately 5% were not eligible for inclusion. 49 706 (men=23 240; women=26 466) of 95 253 eligible individuals completed the questionnaire; yielding a response rate of 52.2%. Individuals completing all questions regarding social network relations form the study base (n=44 313).Primary and secondary outcome measuresActivation of personal and/or professional relations when experiencing a symptom.ResultsThe 44 313 individuals reported in total 260 079 symptom experiences within the last 4 weeks. No professional network relation was used in two-thirds of all reported symptoms. The general practitioner (GP) was the most frequently reported professional relation activated (22.5%). People reporting to have available personal relations were slightly less inclined to contact the GP (21.9%) when experiencing a symptom compared with people with no reported personal relations (26.8%). The most commonly activated personal relations were spouse/partner (56.4%) and friend (19.6%). More than a quarter of all reported symptom experiences was not shared with anyone, personal nor professional. The symptom experiences with the lowest frequency of network activation were symptoms such as black stool, constipation, change in stool texture and frequent urination.ConclusionThis study emphasises variation in the activation of network relations when experiencing a symptom. Symptoms were shared with both personal and professional relations, but different patterns of disclosures were discovered. For symptoms derived from the urogenital or colorectal region, the use of both personal and professional relations was relatively small, which might indicate reticence to involve other people when experiencing symptoms of that nature.

scholarly journals Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in underweight and obesity in 5-year-old children, 2011–2018: a population-based, repeated cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e042023
Author(s):  
Ryan Stewart ◽  
John J Reilly ◽  
Adrienne Hughes ◽  
Louise A Kelly ◽  
David I Conway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
School Year ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Deprived Areas

ObjectiveTo explore trends in prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities in underweight and obesity in 5-year-old schoolchildren in Scotland between 2011/2012 and 2017/2018.DesignA population-based, repeated cross-sectional study.SettingLocal authority primary schools in Scotland.Participants373 189 5-year-old schoolchildren in Scotland between 2011/2012 and 2017/2018.MethodologyTrends in prevalence and inequalities in underweight and obesity were examined across seven school years (2011/2012–2017/2018) for 373 189 5-year-old schoolchildren in Scotland. Body mass index SD scores were calculated, and epidemiological cut-offs relative to the UK 1990 references categorised underweight and obesity. Slope/relative indices of inequality (SII/RII) were calculated for underweight and obesity by school year using the area-based Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation.ResultsThe prevalence of obesity rose slightly overall during the study period (9.8% in 2011/2012; 10.1% in 2017/2018). However, this masked a widening of inequalities, with children from the most deprived areas experiencing a greater risk of obesity in 2017/2018 than in 2011/2012 (risk ratio=1.14, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.25) compared with an unchanged risk in children from the least deprived areas (risk ratio=0.95, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.11). SII and RII indicate widening inequalities for obesity, with RII rising from 1.95 (95% CI 1.71 to 2.22) in 2011/2012 to 2.22 (95% CI 1.93 to 2.56) in 2017/2018. The prevalence of underweight was consistently low (compared with the UK 1990 references) and remained unchanged over the study period (1.2% in 2011/2012; 1.1% in 2017/2018), with no consistent evidence of social patterning over time.ConclusionsInequalities in obesity in schoolchildren in Scotland are large and have widened from 2011, despite only a slight rise in overall prevalence. In contrast there has been little change in underweight prevalence or inequalities during the study period. Extra resources for policy implementation and measures which do not widen inequalities and focus on reaching the most deprived children are required to tackle the high prevalence and growing inequalities in childhood obesity in Scotland.

scholarly journals Determinants of smoking and smoking cessation among health professionals in Serbia: A cross-sectional study

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-490
Author(s):  
Srmena Krstev ◽  
Jelena Marinkovic ◽  
Snezana Simic ◽  
Ana Jovicevic ◽  
Ljiljana Markovic-Denic
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
General Hospitals ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
High Smoking Prevalence

Background/Aim. Bearing in mind a high smoking prevalence in Serbia (34% in adult population; men 38%, women 30%) and leading role of health professionals in intervention and prevention, a cross-sectional study was performed smong the representative sample of health professionals in Serbia. The aim of the study was to identify predictors of smoking and smoking cessation prior to the total smoking ban in November 2010. Methods. In this nationwide study, 3,084 physicians and nurses from 4 types of institutions and four geographical regions were selected and 2,282 included (response rate 74.0%). Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Standard statistical methods were used to calculate prevalence rates, and multivariate logistic regressions to evaluate independent predictors of smoking pattern. Risks were expressed as odds ratios (OR) which represent approximation of relative risks of exposed persons with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results. We found a high smoking prevalence of 38.0%, the same for women and men (37.8% and 37.6%, respectively; p = 0.138), higher among nurses (41.7%) than physicians (29.1%) (p = 0.000), as well as among those employed in general hospitals (42.6%) and institutes of public health (43.8%) (p = 0.000). Significantly increased risk of being an ever or current smoker was noticed for nurses (OR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.42-2.14; and OR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.52-2.40, respectively), those employed in general hospitals (OR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.09-1.73 and OR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.09-1.79, respectively), and with worse self-estimated health (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.02-1.30; and OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.02-1.34, respectively). Intentions to quit smoking or to reduce the number of cigarettes were more frequent in women (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.01-2.27) and participants who worse evaluated their health (OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.39- 2.18). Conclusion. High smoking prevalence in health professionals could be a barrier for the full implementation of smoking ban in health institutions in Serbia. Smoking cessation programs at workplaces, formal education in smoking cessation techniques, and better Law enforcement by health administrations should be implemented.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF DIAGNOSED TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS IN CENTRAL KERALITE POPULATION- A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1232-1235
Author(s):  
Annie Susan Thomas ◽  
◽  
Ariel Hannah Philip ◽  
Philip Oommen ◽  
Aby Mathew T ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Myofascial Pain ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Joint Disorder ◽  
Diagnosis Criteria

Aim: To investigate the prevalence of TMD in Central Keralite population. Materials and Methods: A representative population-based sample of 368 people was randomly selected of which 152 were men and 216 were females. A cross sectional study was conducted in both males and females aged 18-65 years. TMD prevalence was assessed by self- reported questionnaire. The diagnosis of TMD was based on Research Diagnosis Criteria for TMD (RDC-TMD) Axis1. Results: Of the total sample size selected, 51.35% had TMD. Of this, 53.2% of the females and 48.6% of the males were diagnosed to have TMD. TMD patients were categorised according to RDC TMD Criteria. In Category I (Myofascial pain dysfunction) - 47%, Category II (Internal derangement) - 51% and in Category III (Inflammatory Joint Disorder) - 2% Conclusion: The present study indicates that more than half of the general population in Central Kerala is affected by TMD. Proper awareness of this disorder and possible treatment options should be well informed to the general population.

scholarly journals Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes for women with Cystic Fibrosis: a UK population-based cross-sectional study, 2003-2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwaseun Esan ◽  
Daniella Schlüter ◽  
Rhiannon Phillips ◽  
Rebecca Cosgriff ◽  
Shantini Parajothy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Live Birth ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

Objective To estimate the pregnancy rates and outcomes for women with cystic fibrosis (wwCF) in the UK compared to the general population and to explore the impact of the introduction of disease modifying treatments on pregnancy rates. Design A population-based cross-sectional study. Setting Electronic records of UK CF Registry Data (~99% of all CF), and conceptions data for England and Wales (E&W). Population All women aged 15-44 years who were pregnant between 2003-2017. Methods We calculated 3-yearly crude and age-specific pregnancy rates per 1,000 women years (wys), pregnancy rates for wwCF with a G551D mutation before and after Ivacaftor was introduced in 2012 and compared live birth rates. Main outcome measures Crude rates, age specific fertility, and maternal morbidity. Results The overall pregnancy rate was 23.5 (95% CI 21.9-25.3) per 1,000 wys, ~3.4fold difference to E&W women (77.7). This pattern was evident in the age specific rates, except for those aged 40-44 years where the difference in rates was much less (wwCF 8.2 per 1,000 wys vs. 13.3 in E&W). LB rate differences mirrored pregnancy rates (wwCF 17.4 per 1000 wys vs. 61.4 E&W women). Following the introduction of Ivacaftor, pregnancy rates in wwCF with G551D increased from 29.5 to 56.9 per 1000wys (2012-2014 to 2015-2017). Conclusions Pregnancy rates in wwCF are about a third of the rates in the general population but on the rise following the introduction of Ivacaftor. There is no indication that there is a reduced chance of a live birth in wwCF who become pregnant.

Assessing the Quality of Life Among Productive Age in the General Population: A Cross-Sectional Study of Family Life Survey in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
pp. 101053952095641
Author(s):  
Faiza Yuniati ◽  
Sudijanto Kamso
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
General Population ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Indonesia Family Life Survey ◽  
Low Prevalence

A large number of productive age populations in Indonesia are tagged reliable human resources, assuming they have a good quality of life (QoL). This study aims to examine the determinant factors related to QoL based on the 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey. This is a population-based cross-sectional study comprising 13 368 participants aged 15 to 64 years from 23 provinces. The analysis was carried out to construct a composite indicator of QoL. The result showed that the low prevalence of 54% among the general population needs to be ameliorated. Demographic factors (eg, age, marital status, and education), primary activities, pain, and chronic illnesses were significantly related to QoL and used to provide supporting information.

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