scholarly journals Role of the aphid species and their feeding locations in parasitization behavior of Aphelinus abdominalis, a parasitoid of the lettuce aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. e0184080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Govinda Shrestha ◽  
Henrik Skovgård ◽  
Gadi V. P. Reddy ◽  
Tove Steenberg ◽  
Annie Enkegaard
Keyword(s):  
Aphid Species ◽  
Nasonovia Ribisnigri

The role of the color of the substratum on the initiation of the probing behavior in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Pelletier
Keyword(s):  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Potato Leaf ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Probing Behavior

Twenty-five colors were evaluated for their effect on the initiation of probing behavior in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). The proportion of aphids of both species initiating probing behavior was maximum on green, yellow, or orange and lowest on purple, blue, white, or black. The time taken by individual aphids to begin probing was shorter for M. persicae than for M. euphorbiae but was essentially unaffected by colors. A larger proportion of both aphid species probed on the lower surface of potato (var. Kathadin) leaflet compared with the upper surface. The proportion of aphids initiating probing was the same on the lower surface of a potato leaf and on paper similar in color, indicating that the color of the substratum is determinant in the initiation of feeding for those aphids.

scholarly journals No fitness costs are induced by Spiroplasma infections of Aphis citricidus reared on two different host plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Guidolin ◽  
F. L. Cônsoli
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Plant Utilization ◽  
High Infection

Abstract Aphids can harbor several secondary symbionts that alter important aphid-related ecological traits, such as defense against natural enemies, heat tolerance and host plant utilization. One of these secondary symbionts, Spiroplasma, is well known in Drosophila as a sex modulator and by interacting with the host immune system. However, little is known on the effects of Spiroplasma on aphids, such as its influence on the host immune defense against fungi and on host plant utilization. Aphid infections by Spiroplasma are known to be low and few aphid species were reported to be infected with this secondary symbiont, however aphids belonging to the genus Aphis in neotropical regions show high infection rates by Spiroplasma. Thus, we investigated the association of Spiroplasma with the tropical aphid Aphis citricidus through comparative biology experiments on two host plants with different nutritional value to the aphid. We demonstrate Spiroplasma induced no significant fitness costs to A. citricidus on either host plant as no changes in the fitness traits we assessed were observed. Spiroplasma infection only induced sutle changes on host longevity and fecundity. Therefore, we concluded Spiroplasma established a neutral interaction with A. citricidus under the selection pressure we tested, and argue on stress conditions that could better demonstrate the role of Spiroplasma in A. citricidus bioecology and associated costs involved.

The role of rDNA genes in X chromosome association in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Mandrioli ◽  
Davide Bizzaro ◽  
Monica Giusti ◽  
Gian Carlo Manicardi ◽  
Umberto Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Silver Staining ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Promoter Sequence ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Chromosome Association ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Rdna Genes ◽  
Nucleolar Material

Silver staining of mitotic metaphases of the aphid A. pisum reveals the presence of argentophilic bridges connecting the two X chromosomes. The presence of nucleolar material connecting sex chromosomes seems to be quite a common phenomenon in organisms belonging to very different phyla, and suggests a role of nucleolar proteins in chromosome association and disjunction. In somatic cells of A. pisum, bridges connecting X chromosomes are detectable not only after silver staining but also after CMA3 staining. This finding suggests that GC rich DNA is involved in this type of association. Molecular analysis of rDNA intergenic spacers shows several 247 bp repeats containing short sequences having a high level of homology with the chi sequence of Escherichia coli and with the consensus core region of human hypervariable minisatellites. Moreover, each 247 bp repeat presents a perfect copy of a promoter sequence for polymerase I. These aphid repeats show structural homologies with a 240 bp repeat, which is considered to be responsible for sex chromosome pairing in Drosophila, not only in view of their common presence within rDNA spacers but also for their length and structure. The presence of chi sequences in the IGS of A. pisum, by promoting unequal crossing-over between rDNA genes, could thus give rise to the nucleolar organizing region (NOR) heteromorphism described in different aphid species. Although X pairing at NORs is fundamental in aphid male determination, the presence of heteromorphism of rDNA genes does not inhibit male determination in the A. pisum clone utilized for our experiments.Key words: aphid, rDNA, sex chromosome association, hotspot, NOR heteromorphism.

scholarly journals Contribution of Fungal Loline Alkaloids to Protection from Aphids in a Grass-Endophyte Mutualism

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1027-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather H. Wilkinson ◽  
Malcolm R. Siegel ◽  
Jimmy D. Blankenship ◽  
Allison C. Mallory ◽  
Lowell P. Bush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Genetic Locus ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Dna Polymorphisms ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Grass Endophyte ◽  
Loline Alkaloids

Fungal endophytes provide grasses with enhanced protection from herbivory, drought, and pathogens. The loline alkaloids (saturated 1-aminopyrrolizidines with an oxygen bridge) are fungal metabolites often present in grasses with fungal endophytes of the genera Epichloë or Neotyphodium. We conducted a Mendelian genetic analysis to test for activity of lolines produced in plants against aphids feeding on those plants. Though most loline-producing endophytes are asexual, we found that a recently described sexual endophyte, Epichloë festucae, had heritable variation for loline alkaloid expression (Lol+) or non-expression (Lol¯). By analyzing segregation of these phenotypes and of linked DNA polymorphisms in crosses, we identified a single genetic locus controlling loline alkaloid expression in those E. festucae parents. We then tested segregating Lol+ and Lol¯ full-sibling fungal progeny for their ability to protect host plants from two aphid species, and observed that alkaloid expression cosegregated with activity against these insects. The in planta loline alkaloid levels correlated with levels of anti-aphid activity. These results suggested a key role of the loline alkaloids in protection of host plants from certain aphids, and represent, to our knowledge, the first Mendelian analysis demonstrating how a fungal factor contributes protection to plant-fungus mutualism.

scholarly journals Crystal Structures and Binding Dynamics of Odorant-Binding Protein 3 from two aphid species Megoura viciae and Nasonovia ribisnigri

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Northey ◽  
Herbert Venthur ◽  
Filomena De Biasio ◽  
Francois-Xavier Chauviac ◽  
Ambrose Cole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Odorant Binding Protein ◽  
Nasonovia Ribisnigri ◽  
Megoura Viciae ◽  
Odorant Binding

Interplant movement and spatial distribution of alate and apterous morphs of Nasonovia ribisnigri (Homoptera: Aphididae) on lettuce

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.M. Diaz ◽  
L. Barrios ◽  
A. Fereres
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Nasonovia Ribisnigri ◽  
Source Plant ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractKnowledge on colonization modes and interplant movement of Nasonovia ribisnigri can contribute to the development of optimal control of this pest. The aim of this study was to determine the spatio-temporal distribution and the mode of spread between adult morphs of Nasonovia ribisnigri, comparing spring and autumn lettuce protected crops. The spatial and temporal pattern was analyzed using the spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) methodology and other related displacement indices.The population size of N. ribisnigri was greater in the autumn than in the spring growing seasons due to milder temperatures. The percentage of plants colonized by aphids was higher in spring than in autumn, showing the great dispersal potential of this aphid species independent of their population size. Differential propensity for initial displacement from the central plant was observed between adult morphs in spring, resulting in a greater ability of apterous than alate aphids to spread far away from the source plant. In autumn, both adult morphs showed an initial reduced displacement; however, the number of plants infested (≈20%) with at least one aphid at this initial time (seven days) was similar for both adult morphs and both growing seasons. Analysis of the spatial pattern of both adult morphs revealed a predominantly random distribution for both spring and autumn trials. This pattern was achieved by a prevalent random movement over the area (γ≈0.5). These results highlight the ability of the apterous N. ribisnigri to spread within greenhouse lettuce crops early in the spring, suggesting that detection of the pest by deep visual inspection is required after lettuce emergence.

scholarly journals Low bacterial community diversity in two introduced aphid pests revealed with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca Zepeda-Paulo ◽  
Sebastían Ortiz-Martínez ◽  
Andrea X. Silva ◽  
Blas Lavandero
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Bacterial Community Diversity ◽  
16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Secondary Endosymbiont

Bacterial endosymbionts that produce important phenotypic effects on their hosts are common among plant sap-sucking insects. Aphids have become a model system of insect-symbiont interactions. However, endosymbiont research has focused on a few aphid species, making it necessary to make greater efforts to other aphid species through different regions, in order to have a better understanding of the role of endosymbionts in aphids as a group. Aphid endosymbionts have frequently been studied by PCR-based techniques, using species-specific primers, nevertheless this approach may omit other non-target bacteria cohabiting a particular host species. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies are complementing our knowledge of microbial communities by allowing us the study of whole microbiome of different organisms. We used a 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing approach to study the microbiome of aphids in order to describe the bacterial community diversity in introduced populations of the cereal aphids, Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi in Chile (South America). An absence of secondary endosymbionts and two common secondary endosymbionts of aphids were found in the aphids R. padi and S. avenae, respectively. Of those endosymbionts, Regiella insecticola was the dominant secondary endosymbiont among the aphid samples. In addition, the presence of a previously unidentified bacterial species closely related to a phytopathogenic Pseudomonad species was detected. We discuss these results in relation to the bacterial endosymbiont diversity found in other regions of the native and introduced range of S. avenae and R. padi. A similar endosymbiont diversity has been reported for both aphid species in their native range. However, variation in the secondary endosymbiont infection could be observed among the introduced and native populations of the aphid S. avenae, indicating that aphid-endosymbiont associations can vary across the geographic range of an aphid species. In addition, we discuss the potential role of aphids as vectors and/or alternative hosts of phytopathogenic bacteria.

scholarly journals Vector Specificity in Potyvirus Transmission: Role of the Helper Component

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Pirone ◽  
Benjamin Raccah ◽  
Nor Chejanovsky
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Helper Component ◽  
Cuticular Proteins ◽  
Vector Specificity ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Aphid Vectors ◽  
Cuticle Protein

Objectives: The overall objective of this research was to gain a better understanding of how potyviruses interact with their aphid vectors. The aim was to design new approaches for prevention of potyvirus spread by aphids. The sub-objectives included: (1). Determination of which of the HCs of different potyviruses effect efficient transmission by specific aphid vectors; (2). Determine regions in the HC that play a role in their compatibility with the vector; (3). Determine the factors within the aphid stylets that modify HC activity in transmission. Background of the topic: Background to the topic: Potyviruses are typical non persistent viruses. They are retained within the vector’s stylets and rapidly lost by the vector. Some potyviruses greatly differ in their ability to be transmitted by different aphid species. The present work centered on analyzing factors that may modify the interactions between the "helper component"(HC), the virions and the aphid species involved. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: It was established that specificity of transmission may depend on aphid species used. It was also shown that specificity may depend on the affinity between HC and virion. However, the attempts to create activechimericTEV/TuMVHCs or ZYMV/TuMVHCs to identify the regions that determine interaction with a specific vector(s), were not successful. More progress was attained in objective 3: In Kentucky, tests were conducted to ascertain retention tobacco vein mottling virus  (TVMV) HC in the stylets of L. erysimicompared to that in M. persicae. Ultra-thin section of stylets of aphids that fed on either TuMVHC or TVMVHC antibodies were treated with gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibodies.TuMV was seen in 25% the stylets of L. erysimi when they acquired TuMVHC but not when they acquired TVMVHC. In M. persicae, TVMVHC was present in 30% of the stylets. . Transmission with TuMVHC was not affected by treatment with L. erysimi saliva whereas transmission with PVYHC (which also is not functional in L. erysimi) was consistently reduced by about half. Saliva from M. persicaehad essentially no effect on either HC. The possible role aphid cuticle proteins (which are found on the stylets surface) in the association with the potyviralHC was investigated in Israel. This was done adopting two approaches: (a) isolation of cuticular proteins from aphid cuticle; (b) screening for genes encoding cuticular proteins. In the first approach, we succeeded in extracting proteins from whole homogenized M. persicaeusing concentrated urea. The extracted protein served for preparation of anti cuticular antibodies. In overlay experiments it was found that cuticular proteins specifically bind to ZYMVHC. In addition, a cDNA library of M. persicae has been prepared. Genes encoding for cuticular proteins were ascertained using antibodies to cuticular proteins. This allowed reporting the sequence of the first cuticular gene of aphids and comparing it in six aphid species. Implications, scientific and agricultural: Achievements: (1) Proofs were provided for the role of the specificity of the aphid species to the HC of certain potyviruses; (2) aphid’s saliva was found to affects transmission efficiency; (3) cuticle protein genes were isolated for the first time from aphid species and an association of cuticle protein with the potyviralHC was discerned. Agricultural and/or economic impact of the research findings: At this stage of research, our finding do not bear an agricultural or economic impact.

Ecological specialization in Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on aphid species from wild and cultivated plants

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Navasse ◽  
S.A.P. Derocles ◽  
M. Plantegenest ◽  
A. Le Ralec
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Diaeretiella Rapae ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Ecological Specialization ◽  
Aphid Parasitoid ◽  
Genetic Studies

AbstractDiaeretiella rapae is an aphid parasitoid with potential for use in biological control strategies. However, several recent genetic studies have challenged the long held view that it is a generalist parasitoid. We investigated its ecological specialization and ability to use resources in cultivated and uncultivated areas. Ecological specialization would reduce its ability to exploit the diversity of aphid species, particularly in uncultivated areas, and to control pest aphids. Four D. rapae strains were studied, three reared on pest aphids on Brassicaceae and one strain on a non-pest aphid on Chenopodiaceae. For each strain, we performed host-switching experiments, with a total of six aphid species, five of which D. rapae parasitizes in France. We tested cross-breeding ability between strains to detect potential reproductive isolation linked to aphid host species in D. rapae. The strain reared on non-pest aphids was able to develop on aphid species from both cultivated and uncultivated plants. The strains reared on pest aphids, however, exclusively parasitized aphid species on cultivated Brassicaceae. In addition, reproductive isolation was detected between strains from uncultivated and cultivated plants. Thus, the D. rapae populations examined here appear to be showing ecological specialization or they may even be composed of a complex of cryptic species related to the aphid hosts. The role of Chenopodium album as a reservoir for D. rapae, by providing a habitat for non-pest aphids on which it can feed, appears to be severely limited, and thus its efficiency to maintain local populations of D. rapae in the vicinity of crops is questionable.

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