The 33 members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-) family are fundamentally important for organismal development and homeostasis. Family members are synthesized and secreted as pro-complexes of prodomains that are non-covalently bound to the growth factor (GF). The pro-complexes of some members are latent and require activation steps to release the GF for signaling. Why some members are latent while others are non-latent is incompletely understood, but crystal structures and hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) of four family members have begun to unravel how latency is regulated. Here, we extend this understanding by comparing pro-complex conformation in negative stain EM (nsEM) and HDX of ActA, BMP7, BMP9, BMP10, GDF8, TGF-1, and TGF-2. nsEM revealed that family members varied in either adopting cross-armed, open-armed, or V-armed configurations. Latency was achieved in both cross-armed and V-armed but not open-armed conformations. HDX revealed remarkably varying patterns of exchange between family members, consistent with large prodomain sequence divergence. We observed a strong correlation between latency and protection of the prodomain 1-helix from exchange, which in latent members coincided with greater buried surface area of the 1-helix and more hydrogen and cation-pi bonds from the prodomain fastener and GF to the 1-helix. Strong sequence conservation of the 1-helix and fastener only in latent members suggests that similar interactions are conserved and sufficient to confer latency. Moreover, most members exhibited rapid exchange in the unstructured association region at the prodomain N-terminus, highlighting their availability for interacting with factors that may regulate latency and extracellular storage.
Yin/Yang expression of CCN family members: Transforming growth factor beta 1, via ALK5/FAK/MEK, induces CCN1 and CCN2, yet suppresses CCN3, expression in human dermal fibroblasts
