scholarly journals Self-referential encoding of source information in recollection memory

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0248044
Author(s):  
Ross Lawrence ◽  
Xiaoqian J. Chai
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
The Self ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
Semantic Encoding ◽  
Source Accuracy

Information that is encoded in relation to the self has been shown to be better remembered, yet reports have disagreed on whether the memory benefit from self-referential encoding extends to source memory (the context in which information was learned). In this study, we investigated the self-referential effect on source memory in recollection and familiarity-based memory. Using a Remember/Know paradigm, we compared source memory accuracy under self-referential encoding and semantic encoding. Two types of source information were included, a “peripheral” source which was not inherent to the encoding activity, and a source information about the encoding context. We observed the facilitation in item memory from self-referential encoding compared to semantic encoding in recollection but not in familiarity-based memory. The self-referential benefit to source accuracy was observed in recollection memory, with source memory for the encoding context being stronger in the self-referential condition. No significant self-referential effect was observed with regards to peripheral source information (information not required for the participant to focus on), suggesting not all source information benefit from self-referential encoding. Self-referential encoding also resulted in a higher ratio of “Remember/Know” responses rate than semantically encoded items, denoting stronger recollection. These results suggest self-referential encoding creates a richer, more detailed memory trace which can be recollected later on.

scholarly journals Self-referential encoding of source information in recollection memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Lawrence ◽  
Xiaoqian Chai
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
The Self ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
Semantic Encoding ◽  
Source Accuracy

Self-referential memory encoding has been previously shown to enhance memory. The self-referential facilitation effect has also been found in source memory (memory with contextual details). In this study, we investigated how subjective recollection interacts with the self-referential effect for source memory. Using a remember/know paradigm, we compared source memory accuracy under self-referential encoding and semantic encoding. Two types of source information were included, a “peripheral” source which was not inherent to the encoding activity, and a source information about the encoding context. SRE benefits on source memory accuracy were observed in recollection for both types of source information, but not in familiarity-based memory. In contrast, for familiarity-based memory, semantic encoding resulted in higher source accuracy for the background source compared to self-referential encoding. These results suggest self-referential encoding creates a richer, more detailed memory trace which can be recollected later on.

scholarly journals Examining the relationship between processing fluency and memory for source information

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina S.-T. Huang ◽  
David R. Shanks
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Item Recognition ◽  
Processing Fluency ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Source Accuracy ◽  
Confidence Ratings

Familiarity-based processes such as processing fluency can influence memory judgements in tests of item recognition. Many conventional accounts of source memory assume minimal influence of familiarity on source memory, but recent work has suggested that source memory judgements are affected when test stimuli are processed with greater fluency as a result of priming. The present experiments investigated the relationship between fluency and the accuracy of source memory decisions. Participants studied words presented with different source attributes. During test, they identified words that gradually clarified on screen through progressive demasking, made old/new and source memory judgements, and reported confidence ratings for those words. Response times (RTs) recorded from the item identification task formed the basis of a fluency measure, and identification RTs were compared across categories of item recognition, source accuracy and confidence. Identification RTs were faster in trials with correct retrieval of source information compared with trials for which source could not be accurately retrieved. These findings are consistent with the assumption that familiarity-based processes are related to source memory judgements.

Positive Arousal Enhances the Consolidation of Item Memory

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Learning Phase ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Immediate Memory

Emotional arousal induced after learning has been shown to modulate memory consolidation. However, it is unclear whether the effect of postlearning arousal can extend to different aspects of memory. This study examined the effect of postlearning positive arousal on both item memory and source memory. Participants learned a list of neutral words and took an immediate memory test. Then they watched a positive or a neutral videoclip and took delayed memory tests after either 25 minutes or 1 week had elapsed after the learning phase. In both delay conditions, positive arousal enhanced consolidation of item memory as measured by overall recognition. Furthermore, positive arousal enhanced consolidation of familiarity but not recollection. However, positive arousal appeared to have no effect on consolidation of source memory. These findings have implications for building theoretical models of the effect of emotional arousal on consolidation of episodic memory and for applying postlearning emotional arousal as a technique of memory intervention.

Metacognitive inferences in source memory judgements: The role of perceived differences in item recognition

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1015-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Meiser ◽  
Christine Sattler ◽  
Ulrich Von Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Item Recognition ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Monitoring Model ◽  
Metacognitive Beliefs ◽  
Presentation Time ◽  
Different Sources

This research investigated the hypothesis that metacognitive inferences in source memory judgements are based on the recognition or nonrecognition of an event together with perceived or expected differences in the recognizability of events from different sources. The hypothesis was tested with a multinomial source-monitoring model that allowed separation of source-guessing tendencies for recognized and unrecognized items. Experiments 1A and 1B manipulated the number of item presentations as relevant source information and revealed differential guessing tendencies for recognized and unrecognized items, with a bias to attribute unrecognized items to the source associated with poor item recognition. Experiments 2A and 2B replicated the findings with a manipulation of presentation time and extended the analysis to subjective differences in item recognition. Experiments 3A and 3B used more natural source information by varying type of acoustic signal and demonstrated that subjective theories about differences in item recognition are sufficient to elicit differential source-guessing biases for recognized and unrecognized items. Together the findings provide new insights into the cognitive processes underlying source memory decisions, which involve episodic memory and reconstructive tendencies based on metacognitive beliefs and general world knowledge.

scholarly journals Item memory, source memory, and the medial temporal lobe: Concordant findings from fMRI and memory-impaired patients

2006 ◽  
Vol 103 (24) ◽  
pp. 9351-9356 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Gold ◽  
C. N. Smith ◽  
P. J. Bayley ◽  
Y. Shrager ◽  
J. B. Brewer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Memory Source

scholarly journals Predicting memory formation over multiple study episodes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Sievers ◽  
Louis Renoult
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Optimal Encoding ◽  
Encoding Variability ◽  
Study Participants

Repeated study typically improves episodic memory performance. Two different types of explanations of this phenomenon have been put forward: 1) reactivating the same representations strengthens and stabilizes memories, or, in contrast, 2) greater encoding variability - through changes in context - benefits memory by promoting richer traces and a larger variety of retrieval cues. The present experiment was designed to directly compare these predictions in a design with multiple repeated study episodes, allowing to dissociate memory for studied items and their context of study. Participants repeatedly encoded names of famous people four times, either in the same task (optimal encoding for a reactivation view), or in different tasks (optimal encoding for an encoding variability view). During the test phase, an old/new judgement task was used to assess item memory, followed by a source memory judgement about the encoding task. Consistent with predictions from the encoding variability view, encoding stimulus in different contexts resulted in higher item memory and lower rates of forgetting. In contrast, consistent with the reactivation view, source memory performance was higher when participants encoded stimuli in the same task repeatedly. Taken together, our findings indicate that encoding variability benefits episodic memory, by increasing the number of items that are recalled and by decreasing forgetting. These benefits are however at the expenses of source recollection and memory for details, which are decreased, likely due to interference and generalisation across contexts.

scholarly journals Mnemonic prediction errors promote detailed memories

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 422-434
Author(s):  
Oded Bein ◽  
Natalie A. Plotkin ◽  
Lila Davachi
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Memory Enhancement ◽  
Object A ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Memory Advantage ◽  
Violated Expectations

When our experience violates our predictions, it is adaptive to update our knowledge to promote a more accurate representation of the world and facilitate future predictions. Theoretical models propose that these mnemonic prediction errors should be encoded into a distinct memory trace to prevent interference with previous, conflicting memories. We investigated this proposal by repeatedly exposing participants to pairs of sequentially presented objects (A → B), thus evoking expectations. Then, we violated participants’ expectations by replacing the second object in the pairs with a novel object (A → C). The following item memory test required participants to discriminate between identical old items and similar lures, thus testing detailed and distinctive item memory representations. In two experiments, mnemonic prediction errors enhanced item memory: Participants correctly identified more old items as old when those items violated expectations during learning, compared with items that did not violate expectations. This memory enhancement for C items was only observed when participants later showed intact memory for the related A → B pairs, suggesting that strong predictions are required to facilitate memory for violations. Following up on this, a third experiment reduced prediction strength prior to violation and subsequently eliminated the memory advantage of violations. Interestingly, mnemonic prediction errors did not increase gist-based mistakes of identifying old items as similar lures or identifying similar lures as old. Enhanced item memory in the absence of gist-based mistakes suggests that violations enhanced memory for items’ details, which could be mediated via distinct memory traces. Together, these results advance our knowledge of how mnemonic prediction errors promote memory formation.

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