scholarly journals Impact of diabetes mellitus on short-term prognosis, length of stay, and costs in patients with acute kidney injury: A nationwide survey in China

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0250934
Author(s):  
Lishan Tan ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Yan Jia ◽  
Lingyan Li ◽  
Jinwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Renal Recovery ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Male Preponderance

Background International data suggest that people with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk for worse acute kidney injury (AKI) outcomes; however, the data in China are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the association of DM with short-term prognosis, length of stay, and expenditure in patients with AKI. Methods This study was based on the 2013 nationwide survey in China. According to the 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) and expanded criteria of AKI, 7604 patients with AKI were identified, and 1404 and 6200 patients were with and without DM, respectively. Clinical characteristics, outcomes, length of stay, and costs of these patients were compared. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the association of DM with mortality, failed renal recovery, length of stay, and costs. Results Patients with AKI and DM were older, had higher male preponderance (61.9%), presented with more comorbidities, and had higher serum creatinine levels compared with those without DM. An apparent increase in all-cause in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and costs was found in patients with DM. DM was not independently associated with failed renal recovery (adjusted OR (95%CI): 1.08 (0.94–1.25)) and in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR (95%): 1.16 (0.95–1.41)) in multivariate models. However, the diabetic status was positively associated with the length of stay (β = 0.06, p<0.05) and hospital expenditure (β = 0.10, p<0.01) in hospital after adjusting for possible confounders. Conclusion In hospitalized AKI patients, DM (vs. no DM) is independently associated with longer length of stay and greater costs, but is not associated with an increased risk for failed renal recovery and in-hospital mortality.

scholarly journals The impact of diabetes on outcomes, length of stay and costs in acute kidney injury patients: a cross-sectional multicenter study in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lishan Tan ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Lingyan Li ◽  
Jinwei Wang ◽  
Xiaoyan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Recovery ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Physician Diagnosis

Abstract Background : With the increasing worldwide prevalence and disease burden of diabetic mellitus, data on the impact of diabetes on acute kidney injury (AKI) patients in China are limited.Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted in China, which included 2,223,230 hospitalized adult patients and covered 82% of the country’s population. Diabetes was identified according to blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c levels, physician diagnosis and drug use. In total, 7604 AKI patients were identified, and 1404 and 6200 cases were defined as diabetic and non-diabetic respectively. Clinical characteristics, outcome, in-hospital stay, and costs of AKI patients with and without diabetes were compared. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the association of diabetes with mortality and renal recovery in the admitted AKI patients.Results: In this survey, AKI patients with diabetes were older, male-dominated (61.9%), with more comorbidities, and higher serum creatinine levels. Compared to patients without diabetes, a significant upswing in all-cause in-hospital mortality, hospital stay, and costs were found in those with diabetes ( p <0.05). After adjusted for relevant covariables, diabetes was independently associated with failed renal recovery (OR=1.13, p =0.04), rather than all-cause in-hospital mortality (OR=1.09, p =0.39). Also, diabetic status was positively associated with length of stay ( β =0.04, p =0.04) and costs ( β =0.09, p <0.01) in hospital after adjusted for possible confounders. Conclusions: Failed renal recovery, rather than all-cause in-hospital mortality, is independently associated with diabetes in hospitalized AKI patients. Moreover, diabetes is significantly correlated with in-hospital stay and expenditures in AKI.

MO382POTASSIUM DISTURBANCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAL RECOVERY IN 1519 CONSECUTIVE PATIENTS WITH ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Montgomerie ◽  
Jonas Spaak ◽  
Marie Evans ◽  
Stefan H Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Renal Recovery ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Severe Hyperkalemia

Abstract Background and Aims Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition occurring in about 15% of hospitalized patients, often complicated by hyperkalemia causing increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events. The level of AKI (prerenal, renal or postrenal), is of importance as both pathophysiology and prognosis differ. Although early recovery from AKI is associated with less morbidity and mortality, patients with a history of AKI have a higher long-term risk of end-stage kidney disease and death. Most AKI studies include critically ill patients treated at intensive care units; less is known about AKI patients in general. The aim of this large single-center study was to report potassium disturbances and short-term hospital outcomes in 1519 consecutive patients with AKI admitted to a nephrology department. Methods All patients diagnosed with AKI between 2009 and 2018 and admitted to the nephrology department at Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, were screened. Patients who fulfilled the KDIGO 2012 definition of AKI, a sCreatinine (sCr) &gt;1.5 times baseline or increase by &gt;0.3 mg/dL (&gt;26.5 mmol/L), were included. Potassium levels at admission were classified into hypokalemia (&lt;3.5 mmol/L), normokalemia (3.5-4.9 mmol/L), mild hyperkalemia (5-5.4 mmol/L), moderate (5.5-5.9 mmol/L) and severe hyperkalemia (≥6 mmol/L). Partial recovery was defined as an in-hospital sCr decrease by at least 30% while modest recovery was defined as s sCr decrease by at least 50%. Using logistic regression with conditional backward selection, we determined which variables that were associated with a partial recovery or a hyperkalemia (&gt;5 mmol/L). Patients on dialysis treatment were excluded. Patients were followed until either discharge or death, whichever came first. Results In 1519 patients with AKI, the majority (n=687 (45%)) had prerenal AKI, followed by AKI on chronic (defined as chronic kidney disease combined with any type of AKI) (n=536 (35%)), renal (n=166 (11%)) and postrenal AKI (n=130 (9%)). At admission, 30% of patients had any hyperkalemia, whereas 7% had severe hyperkalemia. Normokalemia was seen in 60% of the patients while 10.5% had hypokalemia. The more hyperkalemia, the higher level of sCr at admission, the more acidosis and the less proteinuria. Proteinuria was most pronounced in patients with mild hyperkalemia and normokalemia. In-hospital partial renal recovery was seen in 63% of the patients, while 38% had a modest recovery. Mortality during hospitalization was 4%; most of these patients had normokalemia (58%), followed by mild (18%) and moderate hyperkalemia (15%). In the prerenal and postrenal groups, most patients had a partial renal recovery (76% and 73% respectively). In patients with renal and AKI on chronic the proportions were lower (40% and 51%, respectively). Conclusion This study provides data from a large, contemporary AKI patient cohort under nephrology care. Severe potassium disturbances are common and short-term outcomes differ substantially in patients of variable AKI level and etiology. These findings have important implications for prognostic evaluation upon admission and further resource planning.

scholarly journals Retrospective Analysis of Outcomes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Patients Exposed to Intravenous Contrast Prior to Stem Cell Transplantation

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 5179-5179
Author(s):  
Gayathri Ravi ◽  
Yazan Abou-Ismail ◽  
Margaret Rothgery ◽  
Anjali Shekar ◽  
Sophie Golec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
Ct Imaging ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Contrast Exposure ◽  
Contrast Group ◽  
Contrast Ct

Abstract Background: Patients with AML are inherently at increased risk of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) due to multiple reasons including chemotherapy, antibiotics and risk of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). Prolonged hospital admissions and persistent neutropenia with increased risk of infections necessitate diagnostic testing including computed tomography (CT) scans with contrast. Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is a well-known risk of contrast exposure and is a leading cause of hospital acquired AKI. Acute kidney injury is increasingly being recognized as an independent risk factor for survival in patients with hematologic malignancies. To our knowledge, the incidence of CIN in AML patients and its impact on subsequent cancer management has not been studied. Methods: Retrospective chart review of all newly diagnosed AML patients who received inpatient chemotherapy at Seidman Cancer Center from 2004-2017 were included. Out of the 432 patients screened, 223 were excluded as they did not receive any CT imaging. Serum creatinine (S.cr) was documented prior to receiving chemotherapy for induction, consolidation and/or re-induction for relapsed disease. We recorded the highest S.cr during the 2-7 days after undergoing CT with and without contrast, as per the definition of CIN. Outcomes evaluated include hospital length of stay (LOS), transfer to intensive care unit (ICU), need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) and need for changing subsequent management of AML. We also compared the yield of CT without contrast to CT with contrast. Continuous outcomes were evaluated with univariate generalized linear regression models and binary outcomes were evaluated with univariate logistic regression models. Results: Out of the 209 patients included in the study, 255 cycles of chemotherapy were identified where the patient had a diagnostic CT. This includes 191 inductions, 20 consolidations and 39 relapse inductions. Out of the 255 encounters,136 were CT with contrast and 119 without contrast. LOS, transfer to medical ICU, RRT and need for change in AML management was compared in both groups for induction, consolidation and relapse. Baseline characteristics of patients are summarized in Table 1. The co-morbidities contributing to renal dysfunction and concomitant use of nephrotoxic medications were equally prevalent in both groups. Patients with higher creatinine at presentation predominantly had non-contrast CT done (p <0.001). Average length of stay was 36.6 days in non-contrast group compared to 37.0 days in contrast group (p 0.878). There was a slightly increased need for ICU transfer among the patients who received contrast when compared to non contrast group (22 vs 17 days respectively) however this was not statistically significant (p 0.699). There was no significant change in creatinine post contrast exposure compared to the non-contrast group. Interestingly, need for permanent RRT was noticed to be increased in patients who had non-contrast CT compared to the contrast group (4.2% vs 0.7%, respectively). Subsequent treatment change was needed in 9 patients (6.6%) who received contrast and 7 patients (5.9%) in non-contrast group (p 0.822). CT scan was able to yield positive results half the time (50%) in both contrast and non-contrast group. Of note, patients who had non-contrast CT had a slightly higher need for repeat imaging with IV contrast. Conclusion: CT imaging remains the standard of care for diagnosing many of the complications associated with hematologic malignancies such as pulmonary embolus, atypical pulmonary infection and neutropenic enteritis. Patients with AML are prone to develop AKI for numerous reasons. It is important to note that even if it was only a small number of patients who had a need for permanent RRT in our study it was higher in the setting of no contrast exposure, emphasizing the vulnerability of this subgroup of patients to AKI. Even though no permanent unfavorable outcome was associated with IV contrast exposure in our study, any intervention that could potentially increase the risk of AKI still warrants caution and it may be reasonable to start with a non-contrast CT as an initial diagnostic tool. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals MO359ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN RENAL FUNCTION TRAJECTORIES AFTER 3 MONTHS ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AND LONG-TERM RENAL OUTCOMES

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Ning Hsu ◽  
You-Lin Tain
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Chronic Dialysis ◽  
Dialysis Initiation ◽  
Renal Recovery ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
Renal Function Recovery ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Function Recovery

Abstract Background and Aims Renal function recovery after acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with patient outcomes. The study objectives were to assess the patterns of AKI recovery within 6 months following discharge for AKI and subsequent incidence of chronic dialysis. Method A retrospective cohort of 234,867 hospitalized adult patients was examined for AKI between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2017 in the largest healthcare delivery system in Taiwan. Renal function recovery at 3- and 6-month post discharge, incident chronic kidney disease and chronic dialysis initiation were analyzed over 7 years of follow-up. Renal recovery was defined by &lt; 1.5× baseline SCr (prior to the hospitalization). Independent associations between renal function recovery patterns and renal outcomes was assessed by Cox proportional hazard model controlling for potential confounders, and subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) with [95% CI] was analysed for competing risk of early death. Results Among 3 months AKI survivors (n=24,132), 14.28% (n=3,430) did not recovery back to baseline, and 16% of recovery did not sustain. Three distinct renal function recovery continuums at 6 months post hospital discharge were: persistent non-recovery (10.18%), non-recovery (14.33%), and recovery (75.5%). Comparing to survivors without AKI (n=50,387), the impact of renal recovery continuum on chronic dialysis initiation varied by patient’s baseline renal disease (SHR was 2.82 [95%CI, 2.42-3.28] in CKD, and 0.8 [95%CI, 0.27-2.38] for non-CKD. Persistent non-recovery was significantly associated with a greater increased risk of chronic dialysis than non-recovery in any patients with AKI. Comparing to patients with sustained AKI recovery, risk of CKD onset increased 5-fold in persistent non-recovery and 3-fold risk in non-recovery. Conclusion The continuum of AKI recovery post 6 months is associated with increased risk of chronic dialysis, particularly in patients with baseline CKD. These study results suggested that patients ever with AKI should receive close renal function monitoring for post-discharge management.

Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury in Intermittent Versus Continuous Infusion of Polymyxin B in Hospitalized Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 886-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yarelis Alvarado Reyes ◽  
Raquel Cruz ◽  
Julia Gonzalez ◽  
Yeiry Perez ◽  
William R. Wolowich
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Hospital Length ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Baseline Serum ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Dosing Strategies

Background: Studies evaluating the risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI) with different dosing strategies of polymyxin B are limited. Objectives: To compare the incidence of AKI in patients treated with intermittent versus continuous polymyxin B therapy. Secondary objectives included time to onset of AKI, hospital length of stay (LOS), and all-cause hospital mortality. Variables associated with an increased risk of AKI were evaluated. Methods: A retrospective record review was conducted at a single center in Puerto Rico. Adult patients (≥18 years old) treated with polymyxin B (first course) for at least 48 hours from 2013-2015 were evaluated. Patients with a creatinine clearance <10 mL/min and/or on renal replacement were excluded. Results: A total of 69 patients were included: 42 in the continuous infusion and 27 in the intermittent dosing group. Incidence of AKI was not significantly different between the groups (intermittent 41% vs continuous 31%, P = 0.4). No difference was found in the onset of nephrotoxicity, hospital LOS, or all-cause hospital mortality. Variables associated with increased risk of AKI were baseline serum creatinine, age, and intensive care unit admission. Patients with a body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2 on polymyxin B via continuous infusion had a significantly higher cumulative incidence of AKI ( P = 0.016). Conclusion and Relevance: No difference in the risk of polymyxin B nephrotoxicity was found between intermittent and continuous infusion administration. Administration of polymyxin B via a continuous infusion may result in a higher risk of AKI in patients with a BMI >25 kg/m2.

scholarly journals Early versus late acute kidney injury among patients with COVID-19—a multicenter study from Wuhan, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 2095-2102
Author(s):  
Suyuan Peng ◽  
Huai-Yu Wang ◽  
Xiaoyu Sun ◽  
Pengfei Li ◽  
Zhanghui Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Organ Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which could be caused by both systematic responses from multi-organ dysfunction and direct virus infection. While advanced evidence is needed regarding its clinical features and mechanisms. We aimed to describe two phenotypes of AKI as well as their risk factors and the association with mortality. Methods Consecutive hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in tertiary hospitals in Wuhan, China from 1 January 2020 to 23 March 2020 were included. Patients with AKI were classified as AKI-early and AKI-late according to the sequence of organ dysfunction (kidney as the first dysfunctional organ or not). Demographic and clinical features were compared between two AKI groups. Their risk factors and the associations with in-hospital mortality were analyzed. Results A total of 4020 cases with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were included and 285 (7.09%) of them were identified as AKI. Compared with patients with AKI-early, patients with AKI-late had significantly higher levels of systemic inflammatory markers. Both AKIs were associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality, with similar fully adjusted hazard ratios of 2.46 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35–4.49] for AKI-early and 3.09 (95% CI 2.17–4.40) for AKI-late. Only hypertension was independently associated with the risk of AKI-early. While age, history of chronic kidney disease and the levels of inflammatory biomarkers were associated with the risk of AKI-late. Conclusions AKI among patients with COVID-19 has two clinical phenotypes, which could be due to different mechanisms. Considering the increased risk for mortality for both phenotypes, monitoring for AKI should be emphasized during COVID-19.

P0602CLINICAL PATTERN, RENAL RECOVERY AND PATIENT OUTCOMES AFTER ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN ADULTS IN AN EMERGING COUNTRY

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arunkumar Subbiah ◽  
Sanjay Kumar Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Renal Recovery ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Partial Recovery

Abstract Background and Aims Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is an important determinant of outcome in hospitalized patients. Further, there is a risk for development of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the future. Though the long-term impact of AKI has been studied in developed countries, there is a paucity of data in this area from the Indian subcontinent. This single-centre study aimed to assess the pattern, clinical spectrum, short-term and long-term outcomes of AKI. Method In this prospective observational cohort study, detailed demographic and clinical data at presentation, during hospital stay and follow-up at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after discharge were obtained prospectively for a cohort of patients with AKI. Both community (CAAKI) and hospital acquired AKI (HAAKI) were included. Patient with pre-existing CKD were excluded. Outcome variables examined were in-hospital mortality, renal function at discharge and on follow-up after discharge from hospital. Results In our study cohort with 476 patients, majority of the cases were CAAKI (395, 83%). The mean age at presentation was 44.8 ± 18.7 years. Medical causes (84%) contributed to the majority of AKI while the remaining were due to surgical (10%) and obstetrical (6%) causes. Sepsis (176/476; 36.9%) was the most common cause of AKI. The most common source for sepsis was respiratory (41%) followed by urological source (18.7%). The in-hospital mortality rate for patients with AKI was 38%. Age &gt;60 years (HR = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.11 – 2.07), oliguria (HR = 1.48; 95% CI, 1.05 – 2.10), need for ventilator (HR = 2.45; 95% CI, 1.36 – 4.41) and/or inotropes (HR = 14.4; 95% CI, 6.28 – 33.05) were predictors of mortality. At discharge, 146 (30.7%) patients had complete renal recovery, while 149 (31.3%) had partial renal recovery. Oliguria (p &lt; 0.001), hypoalbuminemia (p = 0.001) and need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) (p = 0.01) were significantly associated with partial recovery. Of the 295 patients on follow-up at discharge, 211 (71.5%) patients had normal renal function, 4 (1.4%) died and 33 (11.2%) were lost to follow up; 47(15.9%) patients developed CKD of which 6 (2%) were dialysis dependent. Elderly patients, higher AKIN stage with oliguria and those requiring RRT were more likely to develop CKD. Among these, the need for in-hospital RRT was the single most important factor predicting the risk of CKD (OR 1.77, 95% CI, 1.12-2.78). Conclusion In conclusion, our data shows that AKI in hospitalized patients still has high mortality in emerging countries like India. Though a fairly good percentage of cases recovered, there is a definite risk of CKD development, especially in patients who required RRT during hospitalization.

scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 on morbidity and mortality in neck of femur fracture patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 669-675
Author(s):  
Alex E. Ward ◽  
Daniel Tadross ◽  
Fiona Wells ◽  
Lawrence Majkowski ◽  
Umna Naveed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Bacterial Pneumonia ◽  
Femur Fracture ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Neck Of Femur ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Neck Of Femur Fracture ◽  
The Impact

Aims Within the UK, around 70,000 patients suffer neck of femur (NOF) fractures annually. Patients presenting with this injury are often frail, leading to increased morbidity and a 30-day mortality rate of 6.1%. COVID-19 infection has a broad spectrum of clinical presentations with the elderly, and those with pre-existing comorbidities are at a higher risk of severe respiratory compromise and death. Further increased risk has been observed in the postoperative period. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 infection on the complication and mortality rates of NOF fracture patients. Methods All NOF fracture patients presenting between March 2020 and May 2020 were included. Patients were divided into two subgroup: those with or without clinical and/or laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19. Data were collected on patient demographics, pattern of injury, complications, length of stay, and mortality. Results Overall, 132 patients were included. Of these, 34.8% (n = 46) were diagnosed with COVID-19. Bacterial pneumonia was observed at a significantly higher rate in those patients with COVID-19 (56.5% vs 15.1%; p =< 0.000). Non respiratory complications such as acute kidney injury (30.4% vs 9.3%; p =0.002) and urinary tract infection (10.9% vs 3.5%; p =0.126) were also more common in those patients with COVID-19. Length of stay was increased by a median of 21.5 days in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (p < 0.000). 30-day mortality was significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 (37.0%) when compared to those without (10.5%; p <0.000). Conclusion This study has shown that patients with a neck of femur fracture have a high rate of mortality and complications such as bacterial pneumonia and acute kidney injury when diagnosed with COVID-19 within the perioperative period. We have demonstrated the high risk of in hospital transmission of COVID-19 and the association between the infection and an increased length of stay for the patients affected. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-11:669–675.

scholarly journals In Nonagenarians, Acute Kidney Injury Predicts In-Hospital Mortality, while Heart Failure Predicts Hospital Length of Stay

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. e77929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Ter Chao ◽  
Yu-Feng Lin ◽  
Hung-Bin Tsai ◽  
Nin-Chieh Hsu ◽  
Chia-Lin Tseng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Hospital Length ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay
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