scholarly journals Beat perception in polyrhythms: Time is structured in binary units

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0252174
Author(s):  
Cecilie Møller ◽  
Jan Stupacher ◽  
Alexandre Celma-Miralles ◽  
Peter Vuust
Keyword(s):  
Human Perception ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Metrical Structure ◽  
Pulse Trains ◽  
Foot Tapping ◽  
Head Bobbing ◽  
Musical Rhythms ◽  
Special Case

In everyday life, we group and subdivide time to understand the sensory environment surrounding us. Organizing time in units, such as diurnal rhythms, phrases, and beat patterns, is fundamental to behavior, speech, and music. When listening to music, our perceptual system extracts and nests rhythmic regularities to create a hierarchical metrical structure that enables us to predict the timing of the next events. Foot tapping and head bobbing to musical rhythms are observable evidence of this process. In the special case of polyrhythms, at least two metrical structures compete to become the reference for these temporal regularities, rendering several possible beats with which we can synchronize our movements. While there is general agreement that tempo, pitch, and loudness influence beat perception in polyrhythms, we focused on the yet neglected influence of beat subdivisions, i.e., the least common denominator of a polyrhythm ratio. In three online experiments, 300 participants listened to a range of polyrhythms and tapped their index fingers in time with the perceived beat. The polyrhythms consisted of two simultaneously presented isochronous pulse trains with different ratios (2:3, 2:5, 3:4, 3:5, 4:5, 5:6) and different tempi. For ratios 2:3 and 3:4, we additionally manipulated the pitch of the pulse trains. Results showed a highly robust influence of subdivision grouping on beat perception. This was manifested as a propensity towards beats that are subdivided into two or four equally spaced units, as opposed to beats with three or more complex groupings of subdivisions. Additionally, lower pitched pulse trains were more often perceived as the beat. Our findings suggest that subdivisions, not beats, are the basic unit of beat perception, and that the principle underlying the binary grouping of subdivisions reflects a propensity towards simplicity. This preference for simple grouping is widely applicable to human perception and cognition of time.

scholarly journals Beat Perception in Polyrhythms: Time is Structured in Binary Units

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilie Møller ◽  
Jan Stupacher ◽  
Alexandre Celma-Miralles ◽  
Peter Vuust
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Metrical Structure ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Pulse Trains ◽  
Foot Tapping ◽  
Head Bobbing ◽  
Musical Rhythms

In everyday life, we group and subdivide time to understand the sensory environment surrounding us. Our perceptual system establishes hierarchical structures by nesting different groups of time intervals. Organizing time in units such as diurnal rhythms, phrases, and beat patterns, is fundamental to everyday behavior, speech, and music. When listening to music, we extract rhythmic regularities to create a hierarchical metrical structure that enables us to predict the timing of the next events. Foot tapping and head bobbing to musical rhythms are observable evidence of this process. In the special case of polyrhythms, at least two metrical structures compete to become the reference for these temporal regularities, rendering several possible beats with which we can synchronize our movements. While there is general agreement that tempo, pitch, and loudness influence beat perception in polyrhythms, we focused on the yet neglected influence of beat subdivisions. In three online experiments, 300 participants listened to a range of polyrhythms and tapped their index fingers in time with the perceived beat. The polyrhythms consisted of two simultaneously presented isochronous pulse trains with different ratios (2:3, 2:5, 3:4, 3:5, 4:5, 5:6) and different tempi. For ratios 2:3 and 3:4, we additionally manipulated the pitch of the pulse trains. Results showed a highly robust influence of subdivision grouping on beat perception manifested as a propensity towards beats that are subdivided into two or four equally spaced units, as opposed to beats with three or more complex groupings of subdivisions. Additionally, lower pitched pulse trains were more likely to be perceived as the beat. Our findings suggest that subdivisions, not beats, are the basic unit of beat perception, and that the principle underlying the binary grouping of subdivisions reflects a propensity towards simplicity. This preference for simple grouping is widely applicable to human perception and cognition of time.

scholarly journals Seeing a drummer’s performance modulates the subjective experience of groove while listening to popular music drum patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Lloyd Eaves ◽  
Noola Griffiths ◽  
Emily Burridge ◽  
Thomas McBain ◽  
Natalie Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
The Other ◽  
Likert Scales ◽  
Foot Tapping ◽  
Head Bobbing ◽  
Point Light ◽  
Point Light Display ◽  
Main Effects

Spontaneous rhythmical movements, like foot-tapping and head-bobbing, often emerge when people listen to music, promoting the enjoyable sensation of ‘being in the groove’. Here we report the first experiment to investigate if seeing the music maker modulates this experience. Across trials we manipulated groove level in the audio beats (high vs low), and manipulated the match between the audio beats and a concurrently observed point-light display (PLD) of the drummer. The visual display was either fully corresponding with the audio beats, or incompatible across three conditions: a static PLD, a corresponding but asynchronous PLD (0.5s time shifted); or a non-corresponding PLD (e.g. high groove audio paired with low groove PLD). Participants (n = 36) rated: (a) their desire to move; and (b) their perceived groove, purely in response to the audio beats, using 8-point Likert scales. The main effects of groove level and visual display were significant in both measurements. Ratings increased for high compared to low groove audio overall, and for the fully corresponding condition compared to the other visual conditions. Ratings of the desire to move also increased in the static compared to the non-corresponding condition, and the two-way interaction was significant. Desire to move significantly increased for high compared to low groove audio in the fully corresponding, static and asynchronous conditions, while this effect was absent in the non-corresponding condition. These findings identify the importance of seeing as well as hearing the musician for an enhanced experience of groove, which necessitates a multimodal account of music perception.

Introduction to the special issue of International Organization on dependence and dependency in the global system

1978 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Caporaso
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Global System ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Client State

When the idea for this special number of International Organization first took shape, the theme was a rather general one, “asymmetric international relations.” I had hoped to encourage contributions from the areas of small state and client state behavior, dominance and dependence, imperialism, and great power—small power behavior. While all of these phenomena are tied together by a shared asymmetric property, this is a “bland common denominator” on which to launch a collection of articles. As the enterprise evolved, we decided to develop a clearer focus on dependence and dependency. It became clear that there were two different sets of theoretical concerns before us which were sometimes labeled identically and often treated indiscriminately for analytical purposes. We drew the distinction between dependence as external reliance on other actors and dependency as the process of incorporation of less developed countries (LDCs) into the global capitalist system and the “structural distortions” resulting therefrom. There are similarities between these two approaches. Both have a predominant focus on relational inequalities among actors and both are equally interested in the vulnerabilities of members of the global system resulting from these unequal relations. However, there are important differences too. In addition to basic theoretical differences, there are equally fundamental gaps in the supportive methodologies. The dependence orientation seeks to probe and explore the symmetries and asymmetries among nation-states. This approach most often proceeds from a liberal paradigm which focuses on individual actors and their goals and which sees power in decisional terms. The individual actors are usually internally unified states which confront the external environment as homogeneous units. With the nation-state as the basic unit of analysis, analysis of dependent relations can be carried out on any combination of states, from dyads up to larger groupings. The fact that dependence is a term which can be meaningfully discussed at the dyadic level allows one the luxury of dealing with large numbers of observations. Thus, dependence theory is easily linked to statistical modes of analysis.

scholarly journals On the smallest singular value of symmetric random matrices

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Vishesh Jain ◽  
Ashwin Sah ◽  
Mehtaab Sawhney
Keyword(s):  
Random Matrices ◽  
Symmetric Matrix ◽  
Geometric Approach ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Symmetric Matrices ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Geometric Framework ◽  
Small Constant ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Smallest Singular Value

Abstract We show that for an $n\times n$ random symmetric matrix $A_n$ , whose entries on and above the diagonal are independent copies of a sub-Gaussian random variable $\xi$ with mean 0 and variance 1, \begin{equation*}\mathbb{P}[s_n(A_n) \le \epsilon/\sqrt{n}] \le O_{\xi}(\epsilon^{1/8} + \exp(\!-\Omega_{\xi}(n^{1/2}))) \quad \text{for all } \epsilon \ge 0.\end{equation*} This improves a result of Vershynin, who obtained such a bound with $n^{1/2}$ replaced by $n^{c}$ for a small constant c, and $1/8$ replaced by $(1/8) - \eta$ (with implicit constants also depending on $\eta > 0$ ). Furthermore, when $\xi$ is a Rademacher random variable, we prove that \begin{equation*}\mathbb{P}[s_n(A_n) \le \epsilon/\sqrt{n}] \le O(\epsilon^{1/8} + \exp(\!-\Omega((\!\log{n})^{1/4}n^{1/2}))) \quad \text{for all } \epsilon \ge 0.\end{equation*} The special case $\epsilon = 0$ improves a recent result of Campos, Mattos, Morris, and Morrison, which showed that $\mathbb{P}[s_n(A_n) = 0] \le O(\exp(\!-\Omega(n^{1/2}))).$ Notably, in a departure from the previous two best bounds on the probability of singularity of symmetric matrices, which had relied on somewhat specialized and involved combinatorial techniques, our methods fall squarely within the broad geometric framework pioneered by Rudelson and Vershynin, and suggest the possibility of a principled geometric approach to the study of the singular spectrum of symmetric random matrices. The main innovations in our work are new notions of arithmetic structure – the Median Regularized Least Common Denominator (MRLCD) and the Median Threshold, which are natural refinements of the Regularized Least Common Denominator (RLCD)introduced by Vershynin, and should be more generally useful in contexts where one needs to combine anticoncentration information of different parts of a vector.

scholarly journals Exploring the Correlation between Block Vitality and Block Environment Based on Multisource Big Data: Taking Wuhan City as an Example

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 984
Author(s):  
Yunzi Yang ◽  
Yuanyuan Ma ◽  
Hongzan Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Travel Demand ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Geographically Weighted Regression Model ◽  
Quality Life ◽  
Environment Index ◽  
The Impact

Block is the basic unit for studying the urban activities of residents, and block vitality is the concrete expression of urban dynamics at the block level. The quality of the block’s residential environment is a crucial medium to satisfy the residents’ pursuit of high-quality life; good block quality is essential for fostering the block vitality and further enhancing the overall vitality of the city. This study used the distribution density of cellular signaling data to quantify block vitality and constructed a block environment index system covering four dimensions—block accessibility, block function, block development degree, and human perception of block environment—innovatively introducing the elements of block environment from the human perspective. Considering the variability of block vitality between workdays and weekends, and between downtown and suburban blocks, this study used a geographically weighted regression model to show the mechanism of the spatial and temporal influence of indicators on block vitality, as well as to suggest how to enhance block vitality at different times of the day based on the influence mechanism. This study was conducted in Wuhan, China. The findings suggest that block vitality exhibited significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity. A high-vitality block can be created by enhancing the block’s accessibility, increasing the degree of block construction, and enriching the functional density and mix of functions in the block. A pleasantly green environment with a moderate degree of openness exerted a significant impact on promoting human activity and enhancing block vitality. The creation of high-vitality blocks should also consider the differences in the impact of various elements on block vitality between weekend and workday. For example, amid the surge in travel demand for education venues on weekends, enhancing the accessibility of blocks can significantly increase the vitality of blocks on weekends. We can truly realize the people-oriented approach to build a livable and high-vitality city by adapting to local conditions and time.

Extreme self-sacrifice beyond fusion: Moral expansiveness and the special case of allyship

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Crimston ◽  
Matthew J. Hornsey
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Biological Markers ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Relevant Dimension ◽  
Special Case

AbstractAs a general theory of extreme self-sacrifice, Whitehouse's article misses one relevant dimension: people's willingness to fight and die in support of entities not bound by biological markers or ancestral kinship (allyship). We discuss research on moral expansiveness, which highlights individuals’ capacity to self-sacrifice for targets that lie outside traditional in-group markers, including racial out-groups, animals, and the natural environment.

Determination of the phase structure of polymerblends by electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 492-493
Author(s):  
Dr. G. Kaemof
Keyword(s):  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Single Screw Extruder ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

A mixture of polycarbonate (PC) and styrene-acrylonitrile-copolymer (SAN) represents a very good example for the efficiency of electron microscopic investigations concerning the determination of optimum production procedures for high grade product properties.The following parameters have been varied:components of charge (PC : SAN 50 : 50, 60 : 40, 70 : 30), kind of compounding machine (single screw extruder, twin screw extruder, discontinuous kneader), mass-temperature (lowest and highest possible temperature).The transmission electron microscopic investigations (TEM) were carried out on ultra thin sections, the PC-phase of which was selectively etched by triethylamine.The phase transition (matrix to disperse phase) does not occur - as might be expected - at a PC to SAN ratio of 50 : 50, but at a ratio of 65 : 35. Our results show that the matrix is preferably formed by the components with the lower melting viscosity (in this special case SAN), even at concentrations of less than 50 %.

Test Validation Without Measurement

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Lacot ◽  
Mohammad H. Afzali ◽  
Stéphane Vautier
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Test Validation ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
Ethical Perspective ◽  
Power Of Test ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
Social Uses ◽  
Special Case

Abstract. Test validation based on usual statistical analyses is paradoxical, as, from a falsificationist perspective, they do not test that test data are ordinal measurements, and, from the ethical perspective, they do not justify the use of test scores. This paper (i) proposes some basic definitions, where measurement is a special case of scientific explanation; starting from the examples of memory accuracy and suicidality as scored by two widely used clinical tests/questionnaires. Moreover, it shows (ii) how to elicit the logic of the observable test events underlying the test scores, and (iii) how the measurability of the target theoretical quantities – memory accuracy and suicidality – can and should be tested at the respondent scale as opposed to the scale of aggregates of respondents. (iv) Criterion-related validity is revisited to stress that invoking the explanative power of test data should draw attention on counterexamples instead of statistical summarization. (v) Finally, it is argued that the justification of the use of test scores in specific settings should be part of the test validation task, because, as tests specialists, psychologists are responsible for proposing their tests for social uses.

Hotspots in Psychology – 2020 Edition

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Michael Bošnjak ◽  
Nadine Wedderhoff
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Research Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
The Common ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract. This editorial gives a brief introduction to the six articles included in the fourth “Hotspots in Psychology” of the Zeitschrift für Psychologie. The format is devoted to systematic reviews and meta-analyses in research-active fields that have generated a considerable number of primary studies. The common denominator is the research synthesis nature of the included articles, and not a specific psychological topic or theme that all articles have to address. Moreover, methodological advances in research synthesis methods relevant for any subfield of psychology are being addressed. Comprehensive supplemental material to the articles can be found in PsychArchives ( https://www.psycharchives.org ).

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