scholarly journals An economic model of multi-level marketing

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0253700
Author(s):  
Yaniv Reingewertz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Competitive Markets ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Firm Structure ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Marketing Costs

This paper offers an economic model of the operation of multi-level marketing (MLM) firms in competitive and non-competitive markets. The model takes a recursive approach to analyse decision making at the distributor level in order to understand basic issues in the MLM market and firm structure. Specifically, it is shown that under reasonable assumptions MLM firms will have a limited structure. In cases where commissions increase with the number of levels, MLM firms will include no more than six to nine levels in equilibrium. In cases of fixed commissions, market conditions dictate a cap on the number of distributors. These conditions imply a limited “multi-level” structure. They also imply that the revenues of the median distributor are mainly a result of direct sales and not a result of commissions. The model also suggests that MLM firms will only arise where marketing costs are substantial, and that it is primarily individuals with small outside offers who choose to become distributors. Finally, the model provides a formula that calculates market prices for a monopoly MLM firm.

scholarly journals MLM DALAM PERSPEKTIF ULAMA’ FIQIH DAN HADIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Khoirurroji'in, Lc., M.Pd.I
Keyword(s):  
Computer Programs ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Law ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

ABSTRACT Multi Level Marketing (MLM) better known as MLM is, "A direct sales system, where goods are marketed by consumers directly from producers. Consumers who simultaneously market goods receive bonus rewards. These bonuses are taken from the profits of each buyer introduced by first buyer based on regulated provisions "365. Because it is believed to be able to provide substantial profits to companies, today, various types of goods are widely marketed using MLM marketing patterns, jewelry. computer programs, supplement drinks, cosmetics, Islamic tapes and others. Transactions with this MLM system have penetrated the middle of humans and have a lot to color the atmosphere of the community market. So as a Muslim businessman, it is obligatory to know the legal transactions with this MLM system before struggling in it and the scholars have disagreed about the law. That a Muslim trader should know the Shari'a laws regarding the rules of trading or transactions and know the forms of buying and selling that are prohibited in religion. The lack of knowledge about this will cause a person to fall into error and sin. As we have witnessed the spread of usury practices, consuming human property in a vanity way, damaging market prices and so on from forms of damage that harm society, even harming the state. Keyword: Multi Level Marketing, MLM) Ulama Fiqih, Ulama Hadis, Perspektif

scholarly journals Assessing the Value of Demand Response in Microgrids

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5848
Author(s):  
Isaías Gomes ◽  
Rui Melicio ◽  
Victor M. F. Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Computer Application ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Proper Formulation ◽  
Operation Case

This paper presents a computer application to assist in decisions about sustainability enhancement due to the effect of shifting demand from less favorable periods to periods that are more convenient for the operation of a microgrid. Specifically, assessing how the decisions affect the economic participation of the aggregating agent of the microgrid bidding in an electricity day-ahead market. The aggregating agent must manage microturbines, wind systems, photovoltaic systems, energy storage systems, and loads, facing load uncertainty and further uncertainties due to the use of renewable sources of energy and participation in the day-ahead market. These uncertainties cannot be removed from the decision making, and, therefore, require proper formulation, and the proposed approach customizes a stochastic programming problem for this operation. Case studies show that under these uncertainties and the shifting of demand to convenient periods, there are opportunities to make decisions that lead to significant enhancements of the expected profit. These enhancements are due to better bidding in the day-ahead market and shifting energy consumption in periods of favorable market prices for exporting energy. Through the case studies it is concluded that the proposed approach is useful for the operation of a microgrid.

HIGHER ORDER CELLULAR AUTOMATA

2005 ◽  
Vol 08 (02n03) ◽  
pp. 169-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
NILS A. BAAS ◽  
TORBJØRN HELVIK
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Multi Level

We introduce a class of dynamical systems called Higher Order Cellular Automata (HOCA). These are based on ordinary CA, but have a hierarchical, or multi-level, structure and/or dynamics. We present a detailed formalism for HOCA and illustrate the concepts through four examples. Throughout the article we emphasize the principles and ideas behind the construction of HOCA, such that these easily can be applied to other types of dynamical systems. The article also presents new concepts and ideas for describing and studying hierarchial dynamics in general.

1, 1'-Ferrocenedicarboxylic acid/tetrahydrofuran induced precipitation of calcium carbonate with multi-level structure in water

CrystEngComm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Zhou ◽  
Guanghui Wang ◽  
Jie Du ◽  
Qinjiang Zhao ◽  
Xiang Pei
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemistry ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Multi Level

The system of organic solvent and ligand had been successfully applied to regulate the coordination of metal ions in organic chemistry. Inspired by previous works, we had conducted the study...

Italy and the politics of European defence: playing by the logic of multi-level networks

Modern Italy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Foradori ◽  
Paolo Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
European Level ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Common Defence

SummaryThe article looks at the role of Italy in the decision-making arena of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), analysing the initiatives it put in place to address and influence the construction of a common defence. The article aims to explain the ability or inability of Italy to build up a consensus around its proposals. By studying two initiatives in the field of European defence and security, it seeks to determine the factors which resulted in the differing outcomes of Italian actions at the European level.

scholarly journals Foundations of Contemporary Economics: Israel Kirzner and the Function of Entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Competitive Market ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Market Process ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Competitive Markets ◽  
Market Driven

Israel Kirzner has made profound contribu­tions to the theory of entrepreneurship. His con­siderable insights address the entrepreneurial function in the market process. Kirzner belongs to the Austrian school and hence assumes subjective decision-making, incomplete sets of knowledge for all subjects, and market disequi­libria. He ascribes to entrepreneurs the ability to detect through alertness market disequilibria in dynamic competitive markets. Entrepreneurs as arbitrageurs bring markets closer to equilib­ria even if in a dynamic competitive market an equilibrium remains a theoretical utopia. In this short paper, we outline the most important as­pects of Kirzner’s entrepreneurial approach and the function entrepreneurship has in market-driven processes.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Military Conflict: an Economics Perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus B. Beckmann ◽  
Lennart Reimer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Differential Games ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Dynamic Games ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Contest Success Functions ◽  
Military Theory

AbstractThis paper is concerned with methods for analysing patterns of conflict. We survey dynamic games, differential games, and simulation as alternative ways of extending the standard static economic model of conflict to study patterns of conflict dynamics, giving examples for each type of model.It turns out that computational requirements and theoretical difficulties impose tight limits on what can be achieved using the first two approaches. In particular, we appear to be forced to model the outcome of conflict as being decided in a single final confrontation if we employ non-linear contest success functions.A simulation study based on a new model of adaptive, boundedly rational decision making, however, is shown not to be subject to this limitation. Plausible patterns of conflict dynamics emerge, which we can link to both historical conflict and standard tenets of military theory.

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