Mass media exposure and use of reversible modern contraceptives among married women in India: An analysis of the NFHS 2015–16 data

Since the inception of the National Programme for Family Planning, messages on family planning (FP) have been promoted across India using different mass media platforms. Mass media plays an important role in disseminating important information among the masses, such as how reversible modern methods give women more reproductive choices than opting for permanent methods that limit their child-bearing capacity. Mass media can provide a continuous flow of information and motivation to deter women from discontinuing the methods they have opted for. However, very few studies have been conducted on this issue, especially using recently available data. This study particularly focuses on exposure to mass media and the use of reversible modern methods of family planning among married women in India. The data for this study was obtained from the National Family Health Survey (2015–16) on currently married women aged 15–49 years. The association of reversible modern method use with media exposure variables was examined, controlling for a set of independent variables from multiple levels—individual, district, state, and region. The findings from this study showed that television was the most important medium for disseminating information on FP among married women in India. Spatial analysis revealed that some districts in the north, parts of the northeast, and Kerala in South India lacked any television exposure. The results from the decomposition analysis showed that mass media exposure was associated with a 14% increase in the use of reversible modern methods. Results from the multilevel analyses showed that exposure to TV along with other media (AOR 1.57 95% CI 1.49–1.65) and exposure to FP messages through different media (AOR 1.22 95% CI 1.12–1.32) had a significant positive effect on the use of reversible modern methods even when various individual, district, state, and regional-level factors were controlled. The findings of this paper provide evidence supporting the use of mass media to promote and increase awareness of voluntary contraceptive use in India. An increase in mass media exposure coupled with improvement in coverage and services of the FP program can significantly increase the use of reversible modern methods in a cost-effective yet efficient manner among women in need of FP services.

Download Full-text

Association between media exposure and family planning in Myanmar and Philippines: evidence from nationally representative survey data

Contraception and Reproductive Medicine ◽

10.1186/s40834-021-00154-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pranta Das ◽

Nandeeta Samad ◽

Hasan Al Banna ◽

Temitayo Eniola Sodunke ◽

John Elvis Hagan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Mass Media ◽

Health Survey ◽

Unmet Need ◽

Media Exposure ◽

The Philippines ◽

Education Level ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Modern Contraceptive ◽

Mass Media Exposure

Abstract Background Although women in South Asia and South-east Asia have developed their knowledge regarding modern contraceptive and other family planning techniques, limited information exists on the influence of mass media exposure on the utilization of contraceptives and family planning. The current study examined the association between media exposure and family planning in Myanmar and Philippines. Methods The study analyzed data from the 2017 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) and 2015–16 Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS). Three family planning indicators were considered in this study (i.e., contraceptive use, demand satisfied regarding family planning and unmet need for family planning). A binary logistic regression model was fitted to see the effect of media exposure on each family planning indicator in the presence of covariates such as age group, residence, education level, partner education level, socio-economic status, number of living children, age at first marriage, and working status. Results The prevalence of contraception use was 57.2% in the Philippines and 55.7% in Myanmar. The prevalence of demand satisfied regarding family planning was 70.5 and 67.1% in the Philippines and Myanmar respectively. Unmet need regarding family planning was 16.6% and 19.9% in the Philippines and Myanmar respectively. After adjusting for the covariates, the results showed that women who were exposed to media were more likely to use contraception in Philippines (aOR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.42–3.54) and Myanmar (aOR 1.39, 95% CI = 1.15–1.67). Media exposure also had a significant positive effect on demand satisfaction regarding family planning in the Philippines (aOR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.42–3.37) and Myanmar (aOR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.09–1.64). However, there was no significant association between media exposure and unmet need in both countries. Conclusions The study established a strong association between mass media exposure and the use and demand satisfaction for family planning among married and cohabiting women in Philippines and Myanmar. Using mass media exposure (e.g., local radio, television- electronic; newspapers) to increase both access and usage of contraceptives as well as other family planning methods in these countries could be pivotal towards the attainment of United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) of improving maternal health.

Download Full-text

Associations of Mass Media Exposure with Family Planning Attitudes and Practices in Uganda

Studies in Family Planning ◽

10.1111/j.1728-4465.2003.00019.x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 19-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Neeru Gupta ◽

Charles Katende ◽

Ruth Bessinger

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Mass Media ◽

Media Exposure ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Mass Media Exposure

Download Full-text

INFLUENCE OF INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY-LEVEL ASSOCIATES OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN PAKISTAN: A MULTI-LEVEL MIXED EFFECT ANALYSIS (PDHS 2017-18)

Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews ◽

10.18510/hssr.2021.9375 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 764-775

Author(s):

Asifa Kamal ◽

Sadaf Malik ◽

Hafsa Batool ◽

Afza Rasul

Keyword(s):

Mass Media ◽

Women's Education ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Media Exposure ◽

Married Women ◽

Community Level ◽

Women’S Empowerment ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual ◽

Mass Media Exposure

Purpose of the study: This research aims to investigate the impact of mass media exposure and women's autonomy on the use of contraceptives, along with other potential determinants at the individual level and community level among women in Pakistan. Methodology: Data was extracted from Pakistan Demographic & Health Surveys 2017-18. The sample size included 10,461 non-pregnant and married women from a total of 15,068 ever-married women. The analysis was done using two-level mixed-effects logistic regression for the binary outcome variable, i.e., current contraceptive use (yes/no). Main Findings: Significant factors positively associated with contraceptive use at the individual level were women's education, wealth index, parity, age at first cohabitation, child mortality experience, and mass media exposure. Community attributes like region (Sindh, KPK, Balochistan as compared to Punjab), residence (rural as compared to urban) had an inverse relationship with contraceptive use. At the same time, women's education and an ideal number of children were the significant positive associates. Women's empowerment has though insignificant, but it has a positive impact on the use of contraceptives at both individual and community levels. Applications of this study: Family planning programs can be extended by focusing on women residing in rural settings or in high fertility intentions communities, less educated and unprivileged younger women who had reduced the uptake of contraceptives. An increase in women's access to education, media exposure, employment, and women's empowerment can help attain Pakistan's contraceptive prevalence targets. Novelty/Originality of this study: The current study's effect of individual and community-level factors was investigated using National-level data, mainly focusing on the role of mass media and women's autonomy.

Download Full-text

Mass Media Exposure and use of family planning in Ethiopia: Evidence from EDHS 2016

10.21203/rs.2.13811/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Habtamu Alganeh ◽

Berhanu Fikade Endehabtu

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Mass Media ◽

Digital Divide ◽

Information Sources ◽

Media Exposure ◽

Mass Media Exposure ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Mass media is a significant force in the digital divide era in which communities and individuals are engaged constantly with messages from a crowd of information sources. As family planning is influenced by mass media, there is a need to study the impact of mass media exposure on family planning utilization.

Download Full-text

MASS MEDIA EXPOSURE AND ITS IMPACT ON FAMILY PLANNING IN BANGLADESH

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932000005137 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 513-526 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

M. MAZHARUL ISLAM ◽

A. H. M. SAIDUL HASAN

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Mass Media ◽

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Economic Status ◽

Media Exposure ◽

Important Variable ◽

Living Children ◽

Mass Media Exposure ◽

Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

This paper analyses mass media exposure and its effect on family planning in Bangladesh using data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 1993–94. The findings indicate that radio and television are two important mass media for disseminating family planning information in Bangladesh. However, access to them and exposure to family planning through them are still limited. Slightly more than 40% (42·1%) of respondents reported that they had heard family planning messages via radio, while 17·2% said television, 8·4% said poster and 5·4% said billboard. Respondent’s place of residence, education, economic status, geographical region and number of living children appeared to be the most important variable determining mass media exposure to family planning. Multivariate analysis shows that both radio and TV exposure to family planning messages and ownership of a radio and TV have a significant effect on current use of family planning methods. These factors remain significant determinants of contraceptive use, even after controlling socioeconomic and demographic factors. The study reveals that both socioeconomic development policies and family planning programmes with a special emphasis on mass media, especially radio, may have a significant effect on contraceptive use in Bangladesh. The principal policy challenge is to design communications strategies that will reach the less privileged, rural and illiterate people who are by far the majority in Bangladesh.

Download Full-text

Tingkat Keterdedahan Media Massa dan Perilaku Ber-Kb pada Keluarga Pra-Sejahtera di Pedesaan dan Perkotaan

Jurnal Penyuluhan ◽

10.25015/17202135542 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 246-257

Author(s):

Asri Sulistiawati ◽

Anna Fatchiya ◽

Aditya Rahmadhony ◽

Diah Puspita Sari

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Mass Media ◽

Community Participation ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Media Exposure ◽

Survey Method ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Mass Media ◽

Mass Media Exposure

The service and provision of free family planning (FP) for people belonging to the Pra-Prosperous and Prosperous I is an effort to increase community participation in family planning in order to reduce the TFR figure. In general, this study aims to analyze the behavior of family planning in pre-prosperous and prosperous families, which are divided into two regional characteristics; rural and urban areas. Furthermore, this study seeks to reveal the effect of mass media exposure on behavior change. The research was carried out with a quantitative approach through a survey method which was carried out on 120 households in two different locations: West Bogor District, Bogor City and Gunung Sindur District, Bogor Regency. The results showed that most of the couples of childbearing ages (Pasangan Usia Subur/PUS) had not been exposed to the mass media, especially information regarding family planning. The level of exposure to the mass media did not have a significant effect on changes in the behavior of PUS because respondents still relied on information sourced from extension workers and cadres.

Download Full-text

World Affairs Information and Mass Media Exposure

Journalism Quarterly ◽

10.1177/107769906704400104 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 23-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

John P. Robinson

Keyword(s):

Mass Media ◽

Media Exposure ◽

Mass Media Exposure

Download Full-text

Opinion Leaders and the Mass Media in Rural Egypt: A Reconsideration of the Two-Step Flow of Communications Hypothesis

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/1955517 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 731-740 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Iliya F. Harik

Keyword(s):

Mass Media ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Media Exposure ◽

Opinion Leaders ◽

Direct Access ◽

Political Awareness ◽

Step Flow ◽

Policy Information ◽

The Mass Media ◽

Mass Media Exposure

This study is based on a survey conducted by the author in a rural community in Egypt (a) to determine how mass media messages reach the population, (b) to identify opinion leaders, and (c) to assess the relation between mass media exposure and political awareness.The data from this survey were used to test the two-step flow of communications hypothesis of Lazarsfeld and colleagues and to compare the effects of the mass media and opinion leaders on the public. Analysis of the data did not support the two-step flow of communications hypothesis; instead it was noted that the greater the exposure to the mass media, the more direct is the flow of communications.Opinion leaders reached a smaller and less educated section of the population and were found to be the elected and official representatives of the village organizations rather than shopkeepers, teachers, and clergy. Finally, it was found that opinion leaders were specialized, each conveying policy information relevant to his role in the community. The flow of communications was found to be functional and organized rather than casual and haphazard as is usually the case in transmitting non-functional information.The last part of this article deals with the relation between exposure to the mass media and political awareness. Indices were constructed to give each respondent a score on the degree of exposure to the mass media and another on his level of political awareness. Analysis showed that mass media exposure and political awareness are directly related (r = .53). It was also found that those who had direct access to the mass media were more sensitized to political news than those who had no such access, thus underlining the politicization role of the mass media.Finally, the article compares the degree of correlation between mass media exposure and political awareness with similar correlations obtained in rural areas in Latin America.

Download Full-text