scholarly journals Quarantine supervision of Wood Packaging Materials (WPM) at Chinese ports of entry from 2003 to 2016

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255762
Author(s):  
Jiaqiang Zhao ◽  
Ke Hu ◽  
Ke Chen ◽  
Juan Shi
Keyword(s):  
Information Network ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Exotic Pests ◽  
Treatment Measures ◽  
Xylophagous Insects ◽  
Future Work

Exotic pests have caused huge losses to agriculture, forestry, and human health. Analyzing information on all concerned pest species and their origin will help to improve the inspection procedures and will help to clarify the relative risks of imported cargo and formulate international trade policies. Records of intercepted pests from wood packaging materials (WPM) from 2003 to 2016 in the China Port Information Network (CPIN) database were analyzed. Results showed that the number of intercepted pests from WPM was lowest in the first quarter and highest in the fourth one. The total number of interceptions increased each year, with 53.33% of intercepted insects followed by nematodes (31.54%). The original continent of most intercepted pests was Asia (49.29%). Xylophagous insects were primarily intercepted from Southeast Asian countries, whereas nematodes were primarily intercepted from Korea, Australia, Mexico, and other countries. WPM interception records were mainly concentrated in China’s coastal inspection stations (98.7%), with the largest number of interceptions documented in Shanghai, followed by the inspection stations of Jiangsu Province. The proportion of pest taxa intercepted by the Chinese provinces’ stations each year is becoming increasingly balanced. The number of pest disposal treatment measures for intercepted cargoes with dead non-quarantine pests increased significantly from 2012 to 2016. This reflects the fact that Chinese customs inspection stations are becoming increasingly scientific and standardizing the interception and treatment of WPM pests. The issues reflected in the database, with a view to providing a reference for future work by customs officers and researchers.

Developing Economies in A Borderless World

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
P.K. Jain ◽  
Manmohan Yadav
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The South ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

The “Death of Distance” will be the single most important economic force shaping the society over the next half century with geography, borders and time zones becoming irrelevant with the new communication revolution. The world trade has increased manifolds since World War II and the merchandise exports have increased to about $6,000 billion today from just $50 billion in 1950 while the trade in services is increasing faster and stands at about $1,450 billion as the economies are opening up and integrating with the world economy. As evident from the experience of the countries that followed open-market and free trade policies, achieved higher growth rates in their GDP, per capita GDP, and the exports than the closed economies. As more and more countries are opening their economies and integrating with the world economy and the revolution in IT, we are heading towards a “borderless” world with free flow of trade and resources. The autarkic strategies for economic development followed by India since its independence inevitably cut the economy off from the technological advancements in rest of the world and as a result India still remains way behind the industrialised economies. Also, despite above average growth in India's GDP and exports since 1970s than the world average, India's per capita GDP is among the lowest at $370. Even the most populous country in the world, China has per capita GDP of $860. The balance-of-payments crisis in mid-1991 forced the Indian policymakers to make a paradigm shift, though under IMF-led bail out package and prescription for structural adjustments, in its economic, industrial, and trade policies more commonly known as the “economic reforms”- liberalisation and globalisation of Indian economy. While the reforms have helped overcome the liquidity crisis and the economy broadly got back to the growth charted in 1980s, yet the structural adjustments have propelled investment in non-traded goods and in buying out of well performing Indian companies and brands by the MNCs than actually increasing the gross fixed capital formation in the manufacturing sector with the modern technologies. It is under this background and the similarities in cultural, political, ethnic and alike factors among the South Asian countries, that the present paper aims at analysing and learning lessons from the progressive aspects as well as failures of India's economic reforms, while the South Asian countries emulated the same.

Emissions and trade in Southeast and East Asian countries: a panel co-integration analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansor H. Ibrahim ◽  
Syed Aun R. Rizvi
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
South Korea ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Run

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the implication of trade on carbon emissions in a panel of eight highly trading Southeast and East Asian countries, namely, China, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong, The Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis relies on the standard quadratic environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) extended to include energy consumption and international trade. A battery of panel unit root and co-integration tests is applied to establish the variables’ stochastic properties and their long-run relations. Then, the specified EKC is estimated using the panel dynamic ordinary least square (OLS) estimation technique. Findings – The panel co-integration statistics verifies the validity of the extended EKC for the countries under study. Estimation of the long-run EKC via the dynamic OLS estimation method reveals the environmentally degrading effects of trade in these countries, especially in ASEAN and plus South Korea and Hong Kong. Practical implications – These countries are heavily dependent on trade for their development processes, and as such, their impacts on CO2 emissions would be highly relevant for assessing their trade policies, along the line of the gain-from-trade hypothesis, the race-to-the-bottom hypothesis and the pollution-safe-haven hypothesis. Originality/value – The analysis adds to existing literature by focusing on the highly trading nations of Southeast and East Asian countries. The results suggest that reassessment of trade policies in these countries is much needed and it must go beyond the sole pursuit of economic development via trade.

Diversity of the W1 gene encoding flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase in white- and purple-flowered soybeans

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyu Tae Park ◽  
Jagadeesh Sundaramoorthy ◽  
Jong-Beum Park ◽  
Jeong Dong Lee ◽  
Kwang Shik Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Information Network ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Resource Information ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Germplasm Resource ◽  
Flower Colours

Cultivated soybeans [Glycinemax (L.) Merr.] have various flower colours such as dark purple, purple, light purple, pink, magenta, near white and white. About one-third of the soybean accessions in the United States Department of Agriculture – Germplasm Resource Information Network (USDA-GRIN) Soybean Germplasm Collections have white flowers and are the second dominant accessions after the purple-flowered accessions. Earlier studies have shown that the w1 recessive allele of the W1 gene encoding flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase produces white flowers. In the present study, we aimed to understand why the white-flowered accessions have become abundant among the cultivated soybeans and what their genetic and regional origin is. For this purpose, 99 landraces with white flowers and 39 landraces with purple flowers from eight Asian countries and Russia were analysed with regard to the nucleotide sequences of the W1 locus. We not only found that the w1 alleles of the 99 white-flowered landraces were identical to those of the white-flowered Williams 82, but also found that these w1 alleles displayed no polymorphism at all. By carrying out a phylogenetic analysis, we were able to identify a group with W1 alleles from which the w1 allele might have diverged.

WHAT IS THE NIN, AND WHAT CAN IT DO FOR YOU?

2015 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. e4.159-e4
Author(s):  
Paul Morrish
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Emergency Admission ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Information Network ◽  
Health Profile ◽  
Neurological Condition ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Future Work

The Neurology Information Network (NIN) is jointly sponsored by Public Health England and NHS England, and identifies, collates and interprets nationally available indicators on all adult neurological conditions. Its priorities are to: ▸ address health inequalities in England ▸ collect and make publicly available national neurology data, in one place ▸ identify gaps in the data and promote research to address these deficits ▸ improve the quality of commissioning by providing relevant data and evidence ▸ promote research to improve the quality of neurological care throughout EnglandResources Available Now: 1. Neurology profiles: http://fingertips.phe.org.uk/profile-group/mental-health/profile/neurology/data. Download and compare figures for: 18 different measures of epilepsy care in 4 Clinical Commissioning Regions and 211 Clinical Commissioning Areas in England. 21 different measures concerning emergency admission to hospital with a neurological condition in 4 Clinical Commissioning Regions and 211 Clinical Commissioning Regions. 2. Compendium of neurology data England 2012–13: The Compendium of Neurological Data, England 2012–3 http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB13776. Download and compare hundreds more tables concerning neurological care in hospitals and in the community.And in the future? The NIN hopes to offer information on every neurological condition where reliable data can be collected. It will involve clinicians, commissioners, clinical networks, providers, charity groups and other stakeholders in discussions about its future work.

scholarly journals Climate change and the Antarctic marine ecosystem: an essay on management implications

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.N. Trathan ◽  
D. Agnew
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Marine Communities ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractIn this paper we review evidence for, and anticipated consequences of, climate change in Antarctic marine communities, examining the potential impacts on invertebrates and vertebrates alike and exploring plausible outcomes for species, with examples principally from the Antarctic literature. We suggest that industries with the greatest potential to aggravate climate change impacts on marine communities are marine capture fisheries. In the Southern Ocean, harvesting is governed under the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). CCAMLR espouses an ecological management framework and so has the capacity to mitigate harvesting impacts such that they do not worsen impacts from climate change. We discuss some of the implications of climate change and advocate that CCAMLR address certain key issues if it is to fulfil its international obligations. It will be essential for CCAMLR to determine relative risks (uncertainties), impacts and timescales, of various processes consequent on climate change. Such risk assessments should be feasible with current knowledge and should provide a focus for future work. We believe it will be important to prioritize issues that reduce impacts and uncertainties by the greatest degree, and propose that future plans should involve shared responsibility (e.g. with SCAR etc.) for each of the risks described.

scholarly journals Species traits elucidate crop pest response to landscape composition: a global analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1937) ◽  
pp. 20202116
Author(s):  
Giovanni Tamburini ◽  
Giacomo Santoiemma ◽  
Megan E. O'Rourke ◽  
Riccardo Bommarco ◽  
Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Traits ◽  
Environmental Context ◽  
Landscape Composition ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Crop Pests ◽  
Exotic Pests ◽  
Crop Type ◽  
Landscape Gradient

Recent synthesis studies have shown inconsistent responses of crop pests to landscape composition, imposing a fundamental limit to our capacity to design sustainable crop protection strategies to reduce yield losses caused by insect pests. Using a global dataset composed of 5242 observations encompassing 48 agricultural pest species and 26 crop species, we tested the role of pest traits (exotic status, host breadth and habitat breadth) and environmental context (crop type, range in landscape gradient and climate) in modifying the pest response to increasing semi-natural habitats in the surrounding landscape. For natives, increasing semi-natural habitats decreased the abundance of pests that exploit only crop habitats or that are highly polyphagous. On the contrary, populations of exotic pests increased with an increasing cover of semi-natural habitats. These effects might be related to changes in host plants and other resources across the landscapes and/or to modified top-down control by natural enemies. The range of the landscape gradient explored and climate did not affect pests, while crop type modified the response of pests to landscape composition. Although species traits and environmental context helped in explaining some of the variability in pest response to landscape composition, the observed large interspecific differences suggest that a portfolio of strategies must be considered and implemented for the effective control of rapidly changing communities of crop pests in agroecosystems.

scholarly journals Recorded and potential alien invertebrate pests in Finnish agriculture and horticulture

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. VÄNNINEN ◽  
S. WORNER ◽  
E. HUUSELA-VEISTOLA
Keyword(s):  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Self Organizing Map ◽  
Invasive Pests ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Ornamental Tree ◽  
Exotic Pests ◽  
Potential Pest ◽  
Local Expert ◽  
Invertebrate Pests

It is assumed that climate change will promote pest invasions and their establishment in new regions. We have updated the list of current alien invertebrate pest species in Finland and produced a list of potential new alien pests using a self-organizing map (SOM) that ranks species in terms of their risk of entry into Finland. The 76 pest species recorded included 66 insects, 5 nematodes, 2 mites and 3 slugs. Nearly half of the alien species appeared to have invaded Finland during the last 48 years. The SOM analysis is considered a viable tool for identification of potentially high-risk invasive pests from among the multitude of potential alien invaders, and represents a useful complement to local expert knowledge-based risk assessment of potentially invasive pests. Along with the comparisons with databases of current and potential pest species, SOM analysis suggests that in the changing climate, the habitats at greatest risk from exotic pests in Finland are horticultural: orchards, ornamental hardy-nursery stocks, landscape and ornamental tree nurseries, and greenhouses.

Present status of radio astrometry with baselines ≤ 35 km

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Present Status ◽  
Future Work

A summary of results for radio astrometry with baselines ≤ 35 km and priorities for future work are given.

A Phonomotor Approach to Apraxia of Speech Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 2109-2130
Author(s):  
Lauren Bislick
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multimodal Approach ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Treatment Gains ◽  
Future Work

Purpose This study continued Phase I investigation of a modified Phonomotor Treatment (PMT) Program on motor planning in two individuals with apraxia of speech (AOS) and aphasia and, with support from prior work, refined Phase I methodology for treatment intensity and duration, a measure of communicative participation, and the use of effect size benchmarks specific to AOS. Method A single-case experimental design with multiple baselines across behaviors and participants was used to examine acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of treatment effects 8–10 weeks posttreatment. Treatment was distributed 3 days a week, and duration of treatment was specific to each participant (criterion based). Experimental stimuli consisted of target sounds or clusters embedded nonwords and real words, specific to each participants' deficit. Results Findings show improved repetition accuracy for targets in trained nonwords, generalization to targets in untrained nonwords and real words, and maintenance of treatment effects at 10 weeks posttreatment for one participant and more variable outcomes for the other participant. Conclusions Results indicate that a modified version of PMT can promote generalization and maintenance of treatment gains for trained speech targets via a multimodal approach emphasizing repeated exposure and practice. While these results are promising, the frequent co-occurrence of AOS and aphasia warrants a treatment that addresses both motor planning and linguistic deficits. Thus, the application of traditional PMT with participant-specific modifications for AOS embedded into the treatment program may be a more effective approach. Future work will continue to examine and maximize improvements in motor planning, while also treating anomia in aphasia.

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