scholarly journals Tobacco price and use following California Proposition 56 tobacco tax increase

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0257553
Author(s):  
Christian Gunadi ◽  
Tarik Benmarhnia ◽  
Martha White ◽  
John P. Pierce ◽  
Sara B. McMenamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Cigarette Price ◽  
Cigarette Tobacco ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Tax

Background California Proposition 56 increased cigarette excise tax by $2 per pack with equivalent increases on non-cigarette tobacco products. We estimated the changes in cigarette price, cigarette use, and non-cigarette use following the implementation of Proposition 56 in California in 2017. Methods Seven waves of Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) 2011–2019 data were used to obtain state-level aggregate self-reported outcomes, including cigarette price per pack, current and daily cigarette use, cigarette consumption per day, and current and daily use of non-cigarette tobacco products (hookah, pipe, cigar, and smokeless tobacco). A modified version of a synthetic control method was used to create a “synthetic” California that best resembled pre-policy sociodemographic characteristics and outcome trends in California while correcting time-invariant pre-policy differences. Various sensitivity analyses were also conducted. Results The implementation of Proposition 56 was associated with an increase in self-reported cigarette price per pack in California ($1.844, 95%CI: $0.153, $3.534; p = 0.032). No evidence suggested that Proposition 56 was associated with the changes in the prevalence of current or daily cigarette use, cigarette consumption per day, or the prevalence of current or daily use of non-cigarette tobacco products. Conclusion Most of the cigarette tax increase following Proposition 56 in California was passed on to consumers. There is a lack of evidence that the implementation of Proposition 56 was associated with the changes in the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products such as hookah, pipe, cigar, and smokeless tobacco.

scholarly journals Price, Income, and Affordability as the Determinants of Tobacco Consumption: A Practitioner’s Guide to Tobacco Taxation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigar Nargis ◽  
Michal Stoklosa ◽  
Ce Shang ◽  
Jeffrey Drope
Keyword(s):  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
High Income ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Tobacco Tax ◽  
Tobacco Taxation

Abstract Introduction Tobacco product prices and consumers’ income are the two major economic determinants of tobacco demand. The affordability of tobacco products is dependent on the price of tobacco products relative to consumer income. Increase in tobacco tax is expected to lead to higher price, lower affordability, and reduced consumption. Price elasticity and affordability elasticity are used in analyzing the effect of tobacco tax increases on tobacco consumption and public health. The availability of both parameters raises the question of which one to apply in policy discussions. Aims and Methods Using global data on cigarette consumption, price, income, and tobacco control measures for 169 countries over 2007–2016, this study estimated the price elasticity and affordability elasticity of cigarette consumption by country income classification using country-specific fixed effects model for panel data. Results The estimates show that the restriction of equal strength of the effects of price and income changes on tobacco consumption maintained in affordability elasticity estimation is valid for low- and middle-income countries, while it is rejected for high-income countries. Conclusions Affordability elasticity may prove to be a useful parameter to explain and predict the sensitivity of consumers to tobacco tax and price policy changes under conditions of robust economic growth, which are more likely to be observed in countries with initial low- or middle-income setting. It can provide a reasonable benchmark for tobacco tax and price increase necessary to effectively reduce affordability and consumption of tobacco, which can form a basis for building systematic tax and price increases into the tobacco tax policy mechanism. Implications Price elasticity measures the sensitivity of consumers to changes in real prices, holding real income constant. Affordability elasticity measures the sensitivity of consumers to price changes adjusted for inflation and income changes. Existing scientific literature on tobacco demand abounds in both price and affordability elasticity estimates, without providing a clear explanation of the theoretical and policy implications of using one parameter over the other. By estimating and comparing price and affordability elasticities for high-income and low-and-middle-income countries separately, this article offers a guide to the practitioners in tobacco taxation for evaluating the effectiveness of tax-induced price increases on tobacco consumption.

scholarly journals Lifestyle characteristics of parental electronic cigarette and marijuana users: healthy or not?

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Dilani Wanasinghe ◽  
Shetal Shah ◽  
Amruta Bamanikar ◽  
David Aboudi ◽  
Soumya Mikkilineni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Cigarette Tobacco ◽  
Tobacco Products

AbstractObjectiveTo assess lifestyle characteristics among parental electronic cigarette (e-cigarette), marijuana and tobacco users.MethodsA total of 1214 parents (77% mothers and 23% fathers) were surveyed and categorized into five exposure groups: e-cigarette use only (1%), marijuana use only (3%), tobacco products only (10%), multi-exposed [11% (marijuana, e-cigarette and tobacco)], and non-users [75% (no e-cigarette, tobacco or marijuana)].ResultsSimilar to non-users, the e-cigarette group had no illicit drug use. Further, e-cigarette users were more likely, in adjusted models, to self-identify as non-smokers and exercise compared with tobacco and multi-exposed groups. Although marijuana users also had higher odds of self-identifying as non-smokers compared to tobacco and multi-exposed groups, they were more likely than non-users to drink alcohol.ConclusionE-cigarette and marijuana using parents were less likely to identify as smokers. E-cigarette users had healthier lifestyle characteristics than the other exposed groups. Clinicians should consider specifically screening for parental e-cigarette and marijuana use as assessing for only “smoking” may underrepresent first-and second-hand exposure. Additionally, clinicians should be aware that marijuana using parents are more likely to drink alcohol and should counsel accordingly.

scholarly journals Investigating gateway effects using the PATH study

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lee ◽  
John Fry
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Residual Confounding

Background: A recent meta-analysis of nine cohort studies in youths reported that baseline ever e-cigarette use strongly predicted cigarette smoking initiation in the next 6-18 months, with an adjusted odds ratio of 3.62 (95% confidence interval 2.42-5.41).  A recent review of e-cigarettes agreed there was substantial evidence for this “gateway effect”.  However, the number of confounders considered in the studies was limited, so we investigated whether the effect might have resulted from inadequate adjustment, using Waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study. Methods: Our main analyses considered Wave 1 never cigarette smokers who, at Wave 2, had information available on smoking initiation.  We constructed a propensity score for ever e-cigarette use from Wave 1 variables, using this to predict ever cigarette smoking.  Sensitivity analyses accounted for use of other tobacco products, linked current e-cigarette use to subsequent current smoking, or used propensity scores for ever smoking or ever tobacco product use as predictors.  We also considered predictors using data from both waves to attempt to control for residual confounding from misclassified responses. Results: Adjustment for propensity dramatically reduced the unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of 5.70 (4.33-7.50) to 2.48 (1.85-3.31), 2.47 (1.79-3.42) or 1.85 (1.35-2.53), whether adjustment was made as quintiles, as a continuous variable or for the individual variables.  Additional adjustment for other tobacco products reduced this last OR to 1.59 (1.14-2.20).  Sensitivity analyses confirmed adjustment removed most of the gateway effect.  Control for residual confounding also reduced the association. Conclusions: We found that confounding is a major factor, explaining most of the observed gateway effect.  However, our analyses are limited by small numbers of new smokers considered and the possibility of over-adjustment if taking up e-cigarettes affects some predictor variables.  Further analyses are intended using Wave 3 data which should avoid these problems.

scholarly journals Smoke-Free Ordinances and Policies Protect Youth, but Ordinances Appear to Have Little Impact on Non-Combustible Tobacco Use

Children ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Nell Valentine ◽  
Emily McClelland ◽  
Robert McMillen
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco Use ◽  
Cigar Smoking

Smoke-free ordinances and policies protect youth from exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and cigarette use. This study investigated whether smoke-free ordinances also protect youth from the use of other tobacco products. We compared the prevalence of SHS exposure, cigarette smoking, cigar smoking, smokeless tobacco use, and e-cigarette use among high school students living in a municipality with or without a smoke-free ordinance and in homes with and without smoke-free policies. Data were analyzed using the 2017 Mississippi Youth Tobacco Survey (n = 1923). Smoke-free ordinances were found to be associated with lower prevalence of SHS exposure (41.9% vs. 51.5%), cigarette smoking (5.1% vs. 11.4%), and cigar smoking (7.2% vs. 10.9%). There were no differences in smokeless tobacco use (6.6% vs. 6.5%) or e-cigarette use (11.2% vs 12.1%). Smoke-free homes were associated with lower prevalence of SHS exposure (38.0% vs 74.6%), cigarette smoking (4.8% vs. 17.6%), cigar smoking (6.4% vs. 16.4%), smokeless tobacco use (4.9% vs. 13.2%), and e-cigarette use (9.6% vs. 19.5%), p < 0.05 for all comparisons. The results suggest that smoke-free ordinances and policies protect against exposure to tobacco smoke and use of combustible tobacco products, but smoke-free ordinances do not protect from smokeless tobacco and e-cigarette use. Tobacco-free, rather than smoke-free, ordinances might offer more protection.

scholarly journals Comparison of Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure in Humans Using Electronic Cigarettes, Combustible Cigarettes, and Smokeless Tobacco

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1228-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Lorkiewicz ◽  
Daniel W Riggs ◽  
Rachel J Keith ◽  
Daniel J Conklin ◽  
Zhengzhi Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Urinary Metabolites ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Urinary Levels ◽  
Methylhippuric Acid

Abstract Background Cigarette smoking is associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease risk, attributable in part to reactive volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). However, little is known about the extent of VOC exposure due to the use of other tobacco products. Methods We recruited 48 healthy, tobacco users in four groups: cigarette, smokeless tobacco, occasional users of first generation e-cigarette and e-cigarette menthol and 12 healthy nontobacco users. After abstaining for 48 h, tobacco users used an assigned product. Urine was collected at baseline followed by five collections over a 3-h period to measure urinary metabolites of VOCs, nicotine, and tobacco alkaloids. Results Urinary levels of nicotine were ≃2-fold lower in occasional e-cigarette and smokeless tobacco users than in the cigarette smokers; cotinine and 3-hydroxycotinine levels were similar in all groups. Compared with nontobacco users, e-cigarette users had higher levels of urinary metabolites of xylene, cyanide, styrene, ethylbenzene, and benzene at baseline and elevated urinary levels of metabolites of xylene, N,N-dimethylformamide, and acrylonitrile after e-cigarette use. Metabolites of acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene were significantly higher in smokers than in users of other products or nontobacco users. VOC metabolite levels in smokeless tobacco group were comparable to those found in nonusers with the exception of xylene metabolite—2-methylhippuric acid (2MHA), which was almost three fold higher than in nontobacco users. Conclusions Smoking results in exposure to a range of VOCs at concentrations higher than those observed with other products, and first generation e-cigarette use is associated with elevated levels of N,N-dimethylformamide and xylene metabolites. Implications This study shows that occasional users of first generation e-cigarettes have lower levels of nicotine exposure than the users of combustible cigarettes. Compared with combustible cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco products deliver lower levels of most VOCs, with the exception of xylene, N,N-dimethylformamide, and acrylonitrile, whose metabolite levels were higher in the urine of e-cigarette users than nontobacco users. Absence of anatabine in the urine of e-cigarette users suggests that measuring urinary levels of this alkaloid may be useful in distinguishing between users of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. However, these results have to be validated in a larger cohortcomprised of users of e-cigarettes of multiple brands.

scholarly journals Investigating the effect of e-cigarette use on quitting smoking in adults aged 25 years or more using the PATH study

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1099
Author(s):  
Peter N. Lee ◽  
John S. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

Background: The evidence on harms and benefits of e-cigarettes partly concerns whether their use encourages smokers to quit.  We addressed this using data from the nationally representative PATH study, with detailed accounting for potential confounding variables. Methods: We considered adults aged 25+.  Our original analyses, reported in version 1 of this paper, used data for Waves 1 to 3, separate analyses considering Waves 1 to 2, 2 to 3 and 1 to 3.  These related baseline ever e-cigarette use (or e-product use at Wave 2) to quitting at follow-up, adjusting for confounders derived from 55 candidates.  Sensitivity analyses omitted ever other product users, linked quitting to current e-cigarette use, and used values of some predictors modified using follow-up data.  Additional analyses used data for Waves 1 to 4, separately considering sustained, delayed and temporary quitting during Waves 1 to 3, 2 to 4 and 1 to 4.  Sensitivity analyses considered 30-day quitting, restricted attention to smokers attempting to quit, and considered ever smokeless tobacco or snus use. Results: In the original analyses, unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) of quitting smoking forever e-cigarette use were 1.29 (95% CI 1.01-1.66), 1.52 (1.26-1.83) and 1.47 (1.19-1.82) for the Wave 1 to 2, 2 to 3, and 1 to 3 analyses.  These reduced after adjustment, to 1.23 (0.94-1.61), 1.51 (1.24-1.85) and 1.39 (1.11-1.74).  Quitting rates remained elevated in users in all sensitivity analyses.  The additional analyses found associations of e-cigarette use with sustained, delayed and temporary quitting, associations little affected by considering 30-day quitting, and only slightly reduced restricting attention to quit attempters.  Ever use of smokeless tobacco or snus also predicted increased quitting.   Conclusions: As does most evidence from clinical trials, other analyses of PATH, and other epidemiological studies, our results suggest using e-cigarettes helps adult smokers to quit.

Age of tobacco use initiation and association with current use and nicotine dependence among US middle and high school students, 2014–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saida Sharapova ◽  
Carolyn Reyes-Guzman ◽  
Tushar Singh ◽  
Elyse Phillips ◽  
Kristy L Marynak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cigarette Tobacco ◽  
Tobacco Products

IntroductionTobacco use mostly begins in adolescence and young adulthood. Earlier age of initiation of cigarette smoking is associated with greater nicotine dependence and sustained tobacco use. However, data are limited on the age of initiation of non-cigarette tobacco products, and the association between using these products and nicotine dependence and progression to established use.MethodsCombined 2014–2016 National Youth Tobacco Survey data, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of US students in grades 6–12 yielded 19 580 respondents who reported ever using any of five tobacco products: electronic cigarettes, cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and hookah. Analyses assessed age of reported first use of each product among ever-users, overall and by sex and race/ethnicity. Current daily use, past 30-day use, feelings of craving tobacco and time to first tobacco use after waking were assessed by age of first use.ResultsAmong ever-users, weighted median age for first use was 12.6 years for cigarettes, 13.8 years for cigars, 13.4 years for smokeless tobacco, 14.1 years for hookah and 14.1 years for e-cigarettes. First trying these tobacco products at age ≤13 years was associated with greater current use of the respective product and nicotine dependence compared with initiating use at age >13 years.ConclusionsFirst tobacco use at age ≤13 years is associated with current daily and past 30-day use of non-cigarette tobacco products, and with the development of nicotine dependence among youth ever-users. Proven tobacco prevention interventions that reach early adolescents are important to reduce overall youth tobacco use.

scholarly journals US consumer interest in non-cigarette tobacco products spikes around the 2009 federal tobacco tax increase

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L Jo ◽  
John W Ayers ◽  
Benjamin M Althouse ◽  
Sherry Emery ◽  
Jidong Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Tobacco ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Consumer Interest ◽  
Tobacco Tax

scholarly journals Compared with what? Estimating the effects of injury prevention policies using the synthetic control method

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. i60-i66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Bonander
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Synthetic Control Method ◽  
Weighted Combination

IntroductionThis paper discusses the application of the synthetic control method to injury-related interventions using aggregate data from public information systems. The method selects and determines the optimal control unit in the data by minimising the difference between the pre-intervention outcomes in one treated unit (eg, a state) and a weighted combination of potential control units.MethodI demonstrate the synthetic control method by an application to Florida’s post-2010 policy and law enforcement initiatives aimed at bringing down opioid overdose deaths. Using opioid-related mortality data for a panel of 46 states observed from 1999 to 2015, the analysis suggests that a weighted combination of Maine (46.1%), Pennsylvania (34.4%), Nevada (5.4%), Washington (5.3%), West Virginia (4.3%) and Oklahoma (3.4%) best predicts the preintervention trajectory of opioid-related deaths in Florida between 1999 and 2009. Model specification and placebo tests, as well as an iterative leave-k-out sensitivity analysis are used as falsification tests.ResultsThe results indicate that the policies have decreased the incidence of opioid-related deaths in Florida by roughly 40% (or −6.19 deaths per 100.000 person-years) by 2015 compared with the evolution projected by the synthetic control unit. Sensitivity analyses yield an average estimate of −4.55 deaths per 100.000 person-years (2.5th percentile: −1.24, 97.5th percentile: −7.92). The estimated cumulative effect in terms of deaths prevented in the postperiod is 3705 (2.5th percentile: 1302, 97.5th percentile: 6412).DiscussionRecommendations for practice, future research and potential pitfalls, especially concerning low-count data, are discussed. Replication codes for Stata are provided.

scholarly journals The Association between E-Cigarette Price and TV Advertising and the Sales of Smokeless Tobacco Products in the USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6795
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Zongshuan Duan ◽  
Sherry L. Emery ◽  
Yoonsang Kim ◽  
Frank J. Chaloupka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Retail Store ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Cigarette Price ◽  
Tv Advertising ◽  
The Us ◽  
Moist Snuff ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
Product Sales

This study aims to examine how e-cigarette prices and advertising, key determinants of e-cigarette demand, are associated with the demand for smokeless tobacco (SLT) products in the US. Market-level sales and price data by year (2010–2017), quarter, and type of retail store were compiled from Nielsen retail store scanner database. E-cigarette TV advertising ratings data were compiled from Kantar Media. Four-way (market, year, quarter, store type) fixed-effect models were used to estimate the associations between e-cigarette price and TV advertising and sales of SLT products (chewing loose leaf, moist snuff, and snus). Our results showed that a 1% rise in own price was associated with a reduction in sales by 1.8% for chewing loose leaf, 1.6% for moist snuff, and 2.2% for snus, respectively. In addition, a 1% rise in disposable e-cigarette price was associated with 0.3% and 0.6% increased sales for moist snuff and snus, respectively. The association between e-cigarette TV advertising and SLT product sales was not significant. Our results suggest that disposable e-cigarettes and certain SLT products (moist snuff and snus) are potential substitutes. Policies aiming to regulate e-cigarette use and sales need to consider their potential link with the demand for SLT products.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document