What is the effect of preterm birth on permanent tooth crown dimensions? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background The permanent tooth formation process may be disrupted in preterm infants with potential discrepancies in size and subsequent occlusal disturbances. Objective To systematically analyse and quantitively synthesize the available evidence regarding the impact of preterm birth on permanent tooth crown dimensions. Search methods Unrestricted searches in 6 databases and manual searching of the reference lists in relevant studies were performed up to March 2021 (Medline via PubMed, CENTRAL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global). Selection criteria Observational studies investigating permanent tooth crown dimensions in preterm and control full-term born individuals. Data collection and analysis Following study retrieval and selection, relevant data were extracted, and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the selection, comparability, and outcome domains. Exploratory synthesis and meta-regression were carried out using the random effects model. Results Three studies were located from the initially retrieved records and the assessments with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale identified issues regarding the selection and comparability domains. Overall, the mesiodistal and the buccolingual dimensions of the permanent teeth in both dental arches tended to be smaller in children born prematurely than full term children. Subgroup analyses showed statistically significant differences for the extremely preterm to control group comparisons for the incisors and the first molars. Meta-regression showed a modificatory effect of gestational age and racial background but not of birth weight and gender on tooth size. The quality of available evidence was rated at best as moderate. Conclusions Premature birth could potentially be associated with reduced tooth-crown dimensions in some permanent teeth especially in children born extremely preterm. Although the results from these observational studies should be approached with caution until more information becomes available, the possible clinical implications in terms of diagnosis and treatment planning should be considered. Registration PROSPERO (CRD42020182243).

Download Full-text

Safety of Systemic Medications Among Older Adults With Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies

Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1203475421993770 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 120347542199377

Author(s):

Evan Tang ◽

Talha Maqbool ◽

Megan Lam ◽

Gaelen P. Adam ◽

Mina Tadrous ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Older Adults ◽

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Relative Effect ◽

Emergency Department Visits ◽

Major Cardiovascular Events ◽

Quantitative Synthesis ◽

Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽

Ottawa Scale

Background Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are common among older adults (≥65 years old), but clinical trials often exclude that population. Objective To synthesize evidence from observational studies on the safety of systemic therapies (conventional or biologic) for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis among older adults in a systematic review. Methods We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (inception to October 31, 2019) and included observational studies reporting adverse events among older people treated with systemic therapy for psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. Outcomes were death, hospitalization, emergency department visits, infections, major cardiovascular events, renal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and cytopenias. We assessed study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results We included 22 studies on treatment for psoriasis and 2 for atopic dermatitis. Most studies were small and non-comparative and 20 of 24 were low quality. Studies comparing safety between medications or medication classes or between older and younger adults did not show apparent differences but had wide confidence intervals around relative effect estimates. Heterogeneity of study design and reporting precluded quantitative synthesis. Conclusions There is scant evidence on the safety of conventional systemic and biologic medications for older adults with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis; older adults and their clinicians should be aware of this evidence gap.

Download Full-text

MINERALIZATION OF TEETH ENAMEL AFTER ERUPTION

Wiadomości Lekarskie ◽

10.36740/wlek202106101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (6) ◽

pp. 1297-1301

Author(s):

Oleksij P. Kostyrenko ◽

Nataliia I. Vynnyk ◽

Mykhailo M. Koptev ◽

Petro A. Hasiuk ◽

Maksym I. Skrypnyk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Permanent Tooth ◽

Postnatal Period ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Tooth Crown ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Cervical Portion ◽

Immunohistochemical Methods ◽

Protein Deposit ◽

Different Parts

The aim: The paper was aimed at the study of the processes of mineralization of the enamel of the permanent tooth after its eruption. Materials and methods: To study the structure of the enamel of permanent teeth has been carried out using light and electron microscopy. The study of the process of the development of the primordia of the permanent teeth involved 10 culled puppies of 30-40 days of age. Microscopic, electron microscopic, immunohistochemical methods of research have been used to study the processes of histogenesis. Results: The studies show that in the postnatal period, the formation of the crown, externally covered with cuticular epithelium, marks the formation of the primordium of the permanent tooth at the follicle stage. After eruption of a tooth, different parts of its crown have three individual structural and functional barriers to enamel biomineralization. The first one is provided by the cuticular epithelium of the pitted areas of the crown, which ensures filtering of the salivary fluid from the protein deposit in the form of a pellicle. The second barrier is defined on the lateral and cuspidate surfaces of the enamel, where the cuticle is erased or poorly expressed. The third structural and functional barrier of enamel biomineralization is located in the cervical portion of teeth of different classes. Conclusions: Different areas of the enamel in the tooth crown have specific filtration barriers, which can be distinguished as follows: pit-and-fissure-and-groove, cuspidateand-approximal, and cervical barriers. The cuticle is poorly expressed or totally absent on the cusps of the tooth crowns in contrast to pitted areas.

Download Full-text

The Association Between Smoking and Hodgkin Lymphoma

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v116.21.2560.2560 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 116 (21) ◽

pp. 2560-2560

Author(s):

Samir Dalia ◽

Jorge J. Castillo

Keyword(s):

Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽

Prospective Studies ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Case Control ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Current Smoking ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Dissemination Bias ◽

Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽

Ottawa Scale

Abstract Abstract 2560 Introduction: Few risk factors for the development of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) have been described. A relationship between smoking and the subsequent development of HL has been suggested from previous reports; however, the available data are largely conflicting. The primary objective of this meta-analysis of observational studies is to evaluate the potential epidemiologic relationship, if any, between smoking and HL. Methods: We searched MEDLINE from January 1, 1960 to June 30, 2010 for observational studies on the association between smoking and HL in adults using the keywords “smoking” and “lymphoma”. Prospective cohort studies and case-control studies that reported relative risks (RR), hazard ratios, or odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were included. Literature search, study selection and data gathering were performed independently by the two of authors. Cases were subdivided in ever smokers and current smokers and analyzed separately. Fixed-effect model (FEM) and random-effects models (REM) were used to assess the combined outcome of individual studies. The outcome measured in our study is reported as RR (95% CI). REM was used, if needed, to account for heterogeneity between studies. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochrane Q and I2 statistics. Publication bias was assessed by direct observation of a funnel plot as well as trim-and-fill statistics. Quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results: Our initial search rendered 577 articles. After reviewing the titles and abstracts, 36 papers were selected for full-text retrieval and reference list search, from which 4 prospective and 11 case-control studies were included in the final analysis. All studies were of high quality with both case-control and prospective studies averaging a score of 8 on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. When pooling all studies, ever smokers had a RR of 1.20 (95% CI 1.07–1.34; p=0.001); there was no heterogeneity between studies or dissemination bias. Current smokers had a RR of 1.42 (95% CI 1.20–1.68; p<0.001, Figure); there was mild heterogeneity between studies (Q=28.5, I2=45.8%, p=0.046) but no dissemination bias was identified. Based on case-control studies, ever smoking was associated with a RR of 1.16 (95% CI 1.02–1.31; p=0.02) while current smoking was associated with a RR of 1.39 (95% CI 1.14–1.69; p<0.001). Based on prospective studies, ever smoking had a RR 1.40 (95% CI 1.10–1.77; p=0.005) while current smoking had a RR 1.49 (1.02-2.18; p=0.04). Conclusions: In both retrospective and prospective studies, there is a 20% increased risk of developing HL in those patients who have ever smoked. However, the risk increases to 42% in those who were current smokers at time of diagnosis of HL. Our findings confirm a previously reported association between smoking and the development of HL, giving additional support in favor of smoking cessation. The lymphomagenic mechanism of smoking is currently unclear but could be related to a direct carcinogenic effect of tobacco-related agents or the immunomodulatory effect of smoking. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Download Full-text

Root Lengths in 47,XYY Males’ Permanent Teeth

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/154405910408301007 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 83 (10) ◽

pp. 771-775 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

R. Lähdesmäki ◽

L. Alvesalo

Keyword(s):

Y Chromosome ◽

Sex Chromosome ◽

Permanent Tooth ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Tooth Crown ◽

Promoting Effect ◽

Panoramic Radiographs ◽

Tooth Roots ◽

Root Dentin ◽

Males And Females

Studies on individuals with sex chromosome anomalies have demonstrated the promoting effect of the Y chromosome on tooth crown enamel and dentin growth. The present research investigated permanent tooth root lengths in 47,XYY males. The measurements were made from panoramic radiographs. The results indicate longer tooth roots in 47,XYY males compared with those in control males and females. The promoting effect of the Y chromosome on dental growth thus continues in the form of root dentin after the completion of crown growth. The results, together with those on tooth crown sizes in 47,XYY males, suggest that growth excesses are evident and final, beginning a few months after birth and continuing up to the age of 14 years, at least. The excess root dentin growth in 47,XYY males, as well as sexual dimorphism in the growth of crown and root dentin, might be caused by the same factor on the Y chromosome.

Download Full-text

Hypnotics and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina56100513 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (10) ◽

pp. 513

Author(s):

Tzu-Rong Peng ◽

Li-Jou Yang ◽

Ta-Wei Wu ◽

You-Chen Chao

Keyword(s):

Observational Studies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽

Randomized Control ◽

Hypnotic Drugs ◽

Risk Of Cancer ◽

Ottawa Scale

Background and objectives: The association between hypnotic drugs and risk of cancer remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate this association. Materials and Methods: Pubmed and Embase were searched systematically to identify publications up to April 2020. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies was used to assess the quality of studies. All included studies were evaluated by two reviewers independently; any discrepancies were resolved through discussion. Results: Twenty-eight studies including 22 case-control studies and 6 cohort studies with 340,614 hypnotics users and 1,828,057 non-users were included in the final analyses. Hypnotics (benzodiazepines and Z-drugs) use was significantly associated with an increased risk of cancer (odds ratio [OR] or relative risk [RR] 1.17; 95% confidence interval 1.09–1.26) in a random-effects meta-analysis of all studies. Subgroup meta-analysis by anxiolytics/sedatives effect (anxiolytics benzodiazepines vs. sedatives group (include sedatives benzodiazepines and Z-drugs)) revealed that a significant association in sedatives group (pooled OR/RR 1.26, 95% CI, 1.10–1.45), whereas no significant relationship was observed in anxiolytics benzodiazepines (pooled OR/RR 1.09, 95% CI, 0.95–1.26). Moreover, a significant dose–response relationship was observed between the use of hypnotics and the risk of cancer. Conclusions: This meta-analysis revealed association between use of hypnotics drugs and risk of cancer. However, the use of lower dose hypnotics and shorter duration exposed to hypnotics seemed to be not associated with an increased risk of cancer. Moreover, the use of anxiolytics effect benzodiazepines seemed to be lower risk than sedatives benzodiazepines. A high heterogeneity was observed among identified studies, and results were inconsistent in some subgroups. Randomized control trials are needed to confirm the findings in the future.

Download Full-text

The relationship between depression and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta‐analysis of observational studies

Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology ◽

10.1186/s40842-021-00117-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yousef Moradi ◽

Ahmed N Albatineh ◽

Hassan Mahmoodi ◽

Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Total Sample ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Depressed Patients ◽

Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽

Cross Sectional Studies ◽

The Relationship ◽

Ottawa Scale

Abstract Introduction The link between metabolic syndrome and depression has always been controversial. Different studies that have examined the relationship between metabolic syndrome and depression have reported different results. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine the association between depression and MetS by meta-analysis. Methods Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and ISI were searched for publications in English from January 1990 to February 2020. Search included cohort and cross-sectional studies aimed at examining the association between depression and MetS. The risk of bias was assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Heterogeneity and publication bias were tested, subgroup analysis and meta-regression were conducted. Results 49 studies with total sample size 399,494 were analyzed. Results indicated the odds of MetS was higher in depressed compared to non-depressed individuals [OR: 1.48; 95 %CI: 1.33–1.64) vs. (OR: 1.38; 95 %CI: 1.17–1.64)]. For cross-sectional studies, depressed patients in Europe (OR = 1.35; 95 %CI: 1.47–1.99) were at higher odds of MetS compared to those in America and Asia. For cohort studies, depressed patients in America (OR = 1.46; 95 %CI: 1.16–1.84) were at higher odds of MetS than those in Europe. Cross-sectional studies indicated women with depression were at higher odds of MetS (OR = 1.95; 95 %CI: 1.38–2.74) compared to men. In both types of studies, the odds of MetS decreased with age. Conclusions Metabolic syndrome is more common in depressed compared to non-depressed individuals.

Download Full-text

Exposure to cadmium and head and neck cancers: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Reviews on Environmental Health ◽

10.1515/reveh-2020-0109 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Maysam Rezapour ◽

Habib Allah Rezapour ◽

Maryam Chegeni ◽

Narges Khanjani

Keyword(s):

Observational Studies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Environmental Pollutant ◽

Pharyngeal Cancer ◽

Epidemiologic Evidence ◽

Standard Mean Difference ◽

Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽

Careful Screening ◽

Ottawa Scale

Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant. A number of observational studies have reported that Cd might be a cause of nasopharyngeal (NPC), pharyngeal (PC), or laryngeal cancers (LC). In this study evidence about the relation of Cd and NPC, PC, and LC has been summarized. A literature review was conducted until 20 June 2020 in PubMed, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science and Google scholar databases to investigate the epidemiologic evidence for the relation between cadmium exposure and cancers of the nasopharynx, pharynx, and larynx. Ten articles were selected after careful screening of retrieved studies. All of these studies obtained a Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) quality score from 6 to 8. Due to high heterogeneity, in all analyses, random effect was used. The pooled results showed that cadmium levels in NPC (standard mean difference (SMD=0.55; 95% CI=0.20, 0.89; p=0.002) and PC (SMD=9.79; 95% CI=0.62, 18.96; p=0.036) patients/tissues were significantly higher than their controls. But cadmium levels were not significantly different between LC cases/tissues and their controls. (SMD=−0.05; 95% CI=−0.99, 0.89; p=0.921). Exposure to cadmium is likely to cause nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal cancer.

Download Full-text

Socioeconomic Factors and Caries in People between 19 and 60 Years of Age: An Update of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15081775 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. 1775 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Simone Costa ◽

Carolina Martins ◽

Mânia Pinto ◽

Mara Vasconcelos ◽

Mauro Abreu

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Random Effect Model ◽

Socioeconomic Indicators ◽

Effect Model ◽

Statistical Heterogeneity ◽

Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽

Meta Regression ◽

Ottawa Scale

This study is aimed to perform an update of a systematic review and meta-regression to evaluate the effect modification of the socioeconomic indicators on caries in adults. We included studies that associated social determinants with caries, with no restriction of year and language. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the risk of bias. With regard to the meta-analysis, statistical heterogeneity was evaluated by I2, and the random effect model was used when it was high. A subgroup analysis was conducted for socioeconomic indicators, and a meta-regression was performed. Publication bias was assessed through Egger’s test. Sixty-one studies were included in the systematic review and 25 were included in the meta-analysis. All of the studies were published between 1975 and 2016. The most frequent socioeconomic indicators were schooling, income, and socioeconomic status (SES). In the quantitative analysis, the DMFT (decayed, missing, filled teeth) variation was attributed to the studies’ heterogeneity. The increase of 10.35 units in the proportion of people with lower SES was associated with an increase of one unit in DMFT, p = 0.050. The findings provide evidence that populations with the highest proportions of people with low SES are associated with a greater severity of caries. The results suggest the need for actions to reduce the inequalities in oral health (PROSPERO [CRD42017074434]).

Download Full-text

Permanent tooth crown dimensions in prematurely born children

Early Human Development ◽

10.1016/s0378-3782(01)00117-7 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 131-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Virpi Harila-Kaera ◽

Tuomo Heikkinen ◽

Lassi Alvesalo ◽

Richard H Osborne

Keyword(s):

Permanent Tooth ◽

Tooth Crown ◽

Crown Dimensions

Download Full-text

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio on admission to predict the severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis

10.1101/2020.09.14.20191098 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Martin Simadibrata ◽

Julius Calvin ◽

Alya Darin Wijaya ◽

Naufal Arkan Abiyyu Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Inflammatory Marker ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Neutrophil To Lymphocyte Ratio ◽

Lymphocyte Ratio ◽

Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽

Meta Regression ◽

Meta Regression Analysis ◽

Ottawa Scale

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an inflammatory marker, was suggested to be predictive of severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients, thus allowing early risk stratification. In this study, we investigated whether NLR levels on admission could predict the severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients. A literature search was conducted on 23 July 2020 to retrieve all published articles, including grey literature and preprints, investigating the association between on-admission NLR values and severity or mortality in COVID-19 patients. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). A meta-analysis was performed to determine the overall standardized mean difference (SMD) in NLR values and the pooled risk ratio (RR) for severity and mortality with the 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI). Meta-regression analysis was done to identify potential confounders. A total of 38 articles, including 5699 patients with severity outcomes and 6033 patients with mortality outcomes, were included. The meta-analysis showed that severe and non-survivors of COVID-19 had higher on-admission NLR levels than non-severe and survivors (SMD 0.88; 95%CI 0.72-1.04; I2=75% and 1.68; 95%CI 0.98-2.39; I2=99%, respectively). Regardless of the different NLR cut-off values, the pooled mortality RR in patients with elevated vs. normal NLR levels was 2.75 (95%CI 0.97-7.72). Meta-regression analysis showed that the association between NLR levels on admission and COVID-19 severity and mortality was unaffected by age (p=0.236; p=0.213, respectively). High NLR levels on admission were associated with severe COVID-19 and mortality. Further studies need to focus on determining the optimal cut-off value for NLR before clinical use.

Download Full-text