scholarly journals Nature and determinants of social actions during a mass shooting

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260392
Author(s):  
Guillaume Dezecache ◽  
Jean-Rémy Martin ◽  
Cédric Tessier ◽  
Lou Safra ◽  
Victor Pitron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Strategies ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Interpersonal Closeness ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Supportive Behaviors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Mass Shooting

Reactions to danger have been depicted as antisocial but research has shown that supportive behaviors (e.g., helping injured others, giving information or reassuring others) prevail in life-threatening circumstances. Why is it so? Previous accounts have put the emphasis on the role of psychosocial factors, such as the maintenance of social norms or the degree of identification between hostages. Other determinants, such as the possibility to escape and distance to danger may also greatly contribute to shaping people’s reactions to deadly danger. To examine the role of those specific physical constraints, we interviewed 32 survivors of the attacks at ‘Le Bataclan’ (on the evening of 13-11-2015 in Paris, France). Consistent with previous findings, supportive behaviors were frequently reported. We also found that impossibility to egress, minimal protection from danger and interpersonal closeness with other crowd members were associated with higher report of supportive behaviors. As we delved into the motives behind reported supportive behaviors, we found that they were mostly described as manifesting cooperative (benefits for both interactants) or altruistic (benefits for other(s) at cost for oneself) tendencies, rather than individualistic (benefits for oneself at cost for other(s)) ones. Our results show that supportive behaviors occur during mass shootings, particularly if people cannot escape, are under minimal protection from the danger, and feel interpersonal closeness with others. Crucially, supportive behaviors underpin a diversity of motives. This last finding calls for a clear-cut distinction between the social strategies people use when exposed to deadly danger, and the psychological motivations underlying them.

scholarly journals Nature and determinants of social actions during a mass shooting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Dezecache ◽  
Jean-Rémy Martin ◽  
Cédric Tessier ◽  
Lou Safra ◽  
Victor Pitron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviors ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Supportive Behaviors ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Mass Shooting

If collective reactions to danger have long been portrayed as antisocial and self-preservative, research has shown that prosociality is maintained and sometimes fostered in life-threatening circumstances. In this research, we interviewed 32 survivors of the attacks at ‘Le Bataclan’ (on the evening of 13-11-2015 in Paris, France) with the aims of offering a typology of social behaviors undertaken in the context of a mass shooting in a close environment, and examining the situational factors favoring the emergence of socially supportive behaviors among hostages. Consistent with previous findings, we found that socially supportive behaviors were frequently reported, and they were more common than socially unsupportive behaviors in the narratives of the respondents. We also found that the occurrence of socially supportive actions is dependent on key contextual factors, namely the impossibility to egress, increased distance and/or minimal protection from the source of danger, and emotional fusion with other crowd members. Finally, although supportive behaviors can be served by a variety of motives (individualistic, cooperative or altruistic), we found that supportive actions were more often described by respondents as reflecting genuine altruism, i.e. involving a cost to oneself at the benefit of others. Those results bring evidence of the maintenance of socially supportive actions in the context of a mass shooting. It also calls for establishing a clear-cut distinction between the social strategies (asocial, socially supportive, or socially unsupportive) and the psychological motivations underlying them (individualism, cooperation or genuine altruism) in future research.

scholarly journals Er web- og tv-serien SKAM en serie om skam?

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christa Lykke Christensen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
Negative Feeling ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Web Series ◽  
Active Mechanism ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face

In this article, I discuss whether the Norwegian teen web series drama SKAM (NRK, 2015-2017) is really about shame and to what extent the fictional characters of the series feel ashamed. The theoretical framework is based on a social psychological conceptualization of shame, supplemented by a micro-sociologically based analysis of the social meaning of face loss and shame. Shame may both entail a negative feeling and an active mechanism serving social and psychological purposes. The main characters of the series are used to analytically exemplify the role of shame and embarrassment. In conclusion, the series does thematize shame and the characters are often placed in conflicts that may give rise to shame. On the other hand, the series also suggests potential social strategies, to constructively avoid the face loss of shameful situations.

Teacher Socialization in a Changing World

2018 ◽  
pp. 212-236
Author(s):  
Asiye Toker Gökçe
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Preservice Teacher ◽  
Induction Period ◽  
Novice Teachers ◽  
Preservice Teacher Education ◽  
Teacher Socialization ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Primary Socialization

The purpose of this chapter is to examine teacher socialization with different aspects. Therefore, teacher socialization was investigated as a concept. Afterward, the primary socialization traditions—functionalist, interpretive, and critical—were explained, and then the idea of teacher socialization was examined thoroughly according to these traditions. Throughout the chapter, the items of the stages of socialization, and Lacey's model of socialization, the social strategies of beginning/novice teachers, the socializing factors, the socialization role of preservice teacher education and induction period, socialization in the workplace and culture were examined.

The Role of Leakage and Warning Behaviors

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-83
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
Mass Shooting ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Eleven Case

This chapter considers ways to detect mass shootings before they occur. It focuses on the role of leakage in prevention, whereby the communication of an intention to do harm can be used to assess the nature and viability of a mass shooting occurring. Eleven case studies of mass shootings are used to assess leakage and other warning signs displayed prior to these attacks. Documented are possible types of leakages, audiences for leakages, ways leakages were communicated, and other types of warning behaviors. Findings from interviews with threat assessment experts are also discussed in relation to the role leakage plays. It is hoped this chapter will go some way to informing risk and threat assessment procedures, which will be discussed in more detail in the subsequent chapters.

scholarly journals The role of domestic violence in fatal mass shootings in the United States, 2014–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa B. Geller ◽  
Marisa Booty ◽  
Cassandra K. Crifasi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
Mass Shooting ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Fatal mass shootings, defined as four or more people killed by gunfire, excluding the perpetrator, account for a small percentage of firearm homicide fatalities. Research has not extensively focused on the role of domestic violence (DV) in mass shootings in the United States. This study explores the role of DV in mass shootings in the United States. Methods Using 2014–2019 mass shooting data from the Gun Violence Archive, we indexed our data by year and mass shooting and collected the number of deaths and injuries. We reviewed news articles for each mass shooting to determine if it was 1) DV-related (i.e., at least one victim of a mass shooting was a dating partner or family member of the perpetrator); 2) history of DV (i.e., the perpetrator had a history of DV but the mass shooting was not directed toward partners or family members); or 3) non-DV-related (i.e., the victims were not partners or family members, nor was there mention of the perpetrator having a history of DV). We conducted descriptive analyses to summarize the percent of mass shootings that were DV-related, history of DV, or non-DV-related, and analyzed how many perpetrators died during the incidents. We conducted one-way ANOVA to examine whether there were differences in the average number of injuries or fatalities or the case fatality rates (CFR) between the three categories. One outlier and 17 cases with unknown perpetrators were excluded from our main analysis. Results We found that 59.1% of mass shootings between 2014 and 2019 were DV-related and in 68.2% of mass shootings, the perpetrator either killed at least one partner or family member or had a history of DV. We found significant differences in the average number of injuries and fatalities between DV and history of DV shootings and a higher average case fatality rate associated with DV-related mass shootings (83.7%) than non-DV-related (63.1%) or history of DV mass shootings (53.8%). Fifty-five perpetrators died during the shootings; 39 (70.9%) died by firearm suicide, 15 (27.3%) were killed by police, and 1 (1.8%) died from an intentional overdose. Conclusions Most mass shootings are related to DV. DV-related shootings had higher CFR than those unrelated to DV. Given these findings, restricting access to guns by perpetrators of DV may affect the occurrence of mass shootings and associated casualties.

You’re not yelping your case: the unexpected social consequences of word of mouth

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Palmeira ◽  
Gerri Spassova ◽  
Jordi Quoidbach
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Word Of Mouth ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Interpersonal Closeness ◽  
Consumption Experience ◽  
The Social ◽  
Negative Tone ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore whether people’s intuitions regarding the social consequences of word of mouth (WOM) match the actual consequences. The authors investigate the expectations people have about how sharing WOM (positive or negative) will change others’ perceptions of them and then compare these expectations to the actual impact of WOM. Design/methodology/approach Six studies were conducted. Study 1 predicted how sharing their experiences with various products or services would change others’ opinion of them. Studies 2a/2b contrasted participants’ intuitions about the potential social consequences of sharing WOM with the consequences. Studies 3a/3b and 4a/4b tested for the hypothesized mediating mechanism. Studies 5a/5b focused on negative WOM and used participants’ own reviews to compare intuitions with impact. Study 6 explored whether considering one’s own consumption experience mitigates the negative social impact of WOM. Findings Consumers expect positive WOM to improve perceptions as it conveys only positive cues about the communicator (i.e. helping intentions and a positive personality). Negative WOM is expected to have neutral impact, as it conveys mixed cues (i.e. helping intentions but a negative personality). In contrast, the authors show that sharing negative WOM tends to be quite detrimental, whereas sharing positive WOM has little impact. People are largely unaware of these effects. Research limitations/implications The research contributes to the literature on WOM and social transmission by comparing people’s intuitions about the social consequences of WOM with its actual consequences. The authors acknowledge that they used mostly WOM messages that were pre-written (vs spontaneously generated by participants). This may have constrained the generalizability of the results. Several potential moderators remain to be investigated, such as the role of message extremity, the interpersonal closeness between communicator and receiver, whether the WOM was solicited vs spontaneous, online vs offline, etc. Practical implications Greater effort is needed to raise consumers’ awareness about the gap between their expectations and the actual social consequences of WOM. Furthermore, marketers responsible for designing product review opportunities should be encouraged to provide consumers with more flexible options, such as the ability to easily remove an online review. Finally, consumers transmitting negative WOM in particular should be aware that their negative tone may compromise the persuasiveness of their message by making the receiver more vigilant and thus less receptive. Originality/value The authors are the first to directly contrast people’s intuitions about the social consequences of WOM with its consequences. Unlike the previous literature, the authors investigate people’s intuitions directly, and investigate the consequences of positive and negative WOM by comparing them to a neutral no-WOM condition. They also shed light on the specific personality traits people infer from WOM.

scholarly journals Describing a “mass shooting”: the role of databases in understanding burden

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Booty ◽  
Jayne O’Dwyer ◽  
Daniel Webster ◽  
Alex McCourt ◽  
Cassandra Crifasi
Keyword(s):  
Gun Violence ◽  
Active Shooter ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Mass Shooting ◽  
Federal Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Nonfatal Injuries ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract Background The mass shooting phenomenon has gained much attention lately as this form of gun violence appears to increase in frequency. Although many organizations collect information on mass shootings (fatal and nonfatal injuries), no federal definition of this phrase exists. The purpose of this study was to highlight the different statistics that result among databases that define and track “mass shootings.” Establishing definitive guidelines for a mass shooting definition could improve research credibility when presenting evidence to policy makers. Methods We obtained data for mass shootings that occurred in 2017 from four sources: Gun Violence Archive, Mother Jones Investigation, Everytown for Gun Safety, and FBI’s Supplemental Homicide Report. We also examined FBI’s Active Shooter Report to compare the mass shootings datasets with active shooter situations, which have been federally defined. First, we examined the overlap among databases. Then, we applied the strictest fatal mass shooting definition to the mass shooting datasets to determine whether the differences in databases could be contributing to differences in fatalities and injuries recorded. Results Gun Violence Archive recorded the most mass shooting incidents at 346 incidents in 2017, while Mother Jones only recorded 11 cases. Only 2 events were found in all four mass shooting datasets. When the strictest definition – four or more individuals fatally shot – was applied to all datasets, the number of mass shootings in 2017 ranged from 24 (Gun Violence Archive) to 5 (Mother Jones), but incidents collected still varied. Conclusions There is much variety in statistics obtained from the different sources that have collected mass shooting information, with little overlap among databases. Researchers should advocate for a standard definition that considers both fatalities and nonfatalities to most appropriately convey the burden of mass shootings on gun violence.

scholarly journals Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Catatonia, Delirium, and Seizures in a Patient With Schizoaffective Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 232470962096949
Author(s):  
Edward C. Mader ◽  
Sunil H. Rathore ◽  
John D. England ◽  
Lionel A. Branch ◽  
Brian J. Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Schizoaffective Disorder ◽  
Epileptiform Activity ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Depressed Type ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Benzodiazepine Withdrawal ◽  
Convulsive Seizures ◽  
Video Eeg

Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms vary from mild anxiety to life-threatening delirium or seizures. In susceptible individuals, such as those with mood disorders, benzodiazepine withdrawal may also precipitate catatonia. A 26-year-old man with schizoaffective disorder (depressed type with catatonia) ran out of lorazepam and presented with catatonia, delirium, and seizures. He was taking olanzapine, venlafaxine, and trazodone for schizoaffective disorder. Lorazepam 2 mg twice daily kept him free of catatonia for 6 months. Besides catatonia and delirium, lorazepam withdrawal also triggered convulsive seizures and nonconvulsive status epilepticus. He was admitted to the intensive care unit where he underwent continuous video-EEG monitoring. Catatonia resolved with lorazepam on day 2. Seizures stopped with levetiracetam, lacosamide, and propofol on day 4. His mental status was normal when he was discharged on day 6. If not immediately recognized and treated, catatonia and delirium can lead to significant morbidity or mortality. Unfortunately, physicians tend to overlook catatonia and delirium, especially if both syndromes are present. At first, we suspected that our patient had ictal catatonia, but video-EEG showed no clear-cut correlation between catatonia, seizures, and epileptiform activity. As with prior observations, the patient’s catatonia was more sensitive to benzodiazepine withdrawal and treatment than his seizures. The efficacy of benzodiazepines in aborting catatonia, seizures, and mixed delirium-catatonia syndromes suggests a key pathogenetic role of abnormal GABA neurotransmission in these brain disorders.

Becoming Jewish, Believing in Jesus?

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-136
Author(s):  
Manoela Carpenedo
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Cultural Hybridity ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Anthropology Of Religion ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
The Social

This chapter investigates the question of how the Judaizing Evangelicals appear to want to become Jewish, believing in Jesus. It carefully analyzes the social and cultural organization of the religious hybridization undertaken by the community of the Judaizing Evangelicals. Special attention is given to how Christian tenets are gradually understood in new ways and are replaced by Jewish ideas and practices within this changing religious community. The analysis indicates that religious change is an open dialectic process, challenging both clear-cut “continuity” and “discontinuity” arguments found in the anthropology of religion. By revealing the dialectic role of past structures in change processes, the theoretical framework expands current conceptualizations exploring cultural hybridity.

The Parties in Government Formation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Bäck ◽  
Torbjörn Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Government Formation ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Social ◽  
Left Party ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Character

This chapter focuses on the role of political parties in the government formation process. Swedish governments have had a clear-cut bloc political character, with the “socialist” parties in one camp and the “nonsocialist” parties in the other. Other features of the historical record also stand out. One example is that many postwar governments have been minority cabinets, often single-party governments. These have often been Social Democratic. The Social Democrats have ruled with the support of the Left Party and, more recently, the Greens. In the period 1998–2006, there were even written policy agreements (contracts) between the governing Social Democrats and the two “support” parties. When coalitions form, the parties divide the ministerial portfolios in a way that is proportional to the size of each party, and during the last decades a gender balance in the cabinet has become an explicit ambition.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document