Nanodiagnostics: A New Frontier for Clinical Laboratory Medicine

Abstract Background: The use of nanotechnologies for diagnostic applications shows great promise to meet the rigorous demands of the clinical laboratory for sensitivity and cost-effectiveness. New nanodiagnostic tools include quantum dots (QDs), gold nanoparticles, and cantilevers. QDs, which are the most promising nanostructures for diagnostic applications, are semiconductor nanocrystals characterized by high photostability, single-wavelength excitation, and size-tunable emission. QDs and magnetic nanoparticles can be used for barcoding of specific analytes. Gold and magnetic nanoparticles are key components of the bio-barcode assay, which has been proposed as a future alternative to the PCR. Methods: We examined articles published over the past 10 years investigating the use of QDs, gold nanoparticles, cantilevers, and other nanotechnologies in promising diagnostic applications. Results: Several nanodiagnostic assays have been developed, including a QD-based assay capable of detecting biotinylated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at 0.38 ng/L, a bio-barcode assay capable of detecting 30 amol/L PSA in a 10-μL sample, and another able to detect 50 molecules of the Alzheimer marker amyloid β-derived diffusible ligand in 10 μL of cerebrospinal fluid. Conclusions: Nanodiagnostics promise increased sensitivity, multiplexing capabilities, and reduced cost for many diagnostic applications as well as intracellular imaging. Further work is needed to fully optimize these diagnostic nanotechnologies for clinical laboratory setting and to address the potential health and environmental risks related to QDs.

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Multifunctional Gold Nanoparticles for Improved Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications: A Review

Nanoscale Research Letters ◽

10.1186/s11671-021-03632-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi ◽

Koena Leah Moabelo ◽

Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka ◽

Samantha Meyer ◽

Martin Opiyo Onani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gold Nanoparticles ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Anticancer Agents ◽

Metallic Nanoparticles ◽

Gene Transfection ◽

The United States ◽

Disease Diagnosis ◽

Great Promise ◽

Potential Health ◽

United States Food

AbstractThe medical properties of metals have been explored for centuries in traditional medicine for the treatment of infections and diseases and still practiced to date. Platinum-based drugs are the first class of metal-based drugs to be clinically used as anticancer agents following the approval of cisplatin by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) over 40 years ago. Since then, more metals with health benefits have been approved for clinical trials. Interestingly, when these metals are reduced to metallic nanoparticles, they displayed unique and novel properties that were superior to their bulk counterparts. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are among the FDA-approved metallic nanoparticles and have shown great promise in a variety of roles in medicine. They were used as drug delivery, photothermal (PT), contrast, therapeutic, radiosensitizing, and gene transfection agents. Their biomedical applications are reviewed herein, covering their potential use in disease diagnosis and therapy. Some of the AuNP-based systems that are approved for clinical trials are also discussed, as well as the potential health threats of AuNPs and some strategies that can be used to improve their biocompatibility. The reviewed studies offer proof of principle that AuNP-based systems could potentially be used alone or in combination with the conventional systems to improve their efficacy.

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An Effort to Making a Colorimitric Nano-Biosensor for Vibrio cholera Detection

Current Nanoscience ◽

10.2174/1573413716666191230154316 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 793-804

Author(s):

Naimeh Mahheidari ◽

Jamal Rashidiani ◽

Hamid Kooshki ◽

Khadijeh Eskandari

Keyword(s):

Gold Nanoparticles ◽

Colorimetric Assay ◽

Au Nanoparticle ◽

Bacteria Detection ◽

Great Promise ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Vibrio Cholera ◽

Minimum Concentration ◽

Vis Spectroscopy ◽

Fast Procedure

Background: Today, nanoparticles hold great promise in biomedical researches and applications including bacteria detection. The rapid and sensitive outcomes of bacteria detection strategies using nanoparticle conjugates become determinative, especially in bacterial outbreaks. In the current research, we focused on detecting V. cholera bacteria and its toxin using a thiocyanate/Au nanoparticle. Thiocyanate adsorbed strongly on the surface of gold nanoparticles and changed the surface by enhancing surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles. Objective: This method is tried to introduce a simple and fast procedure to assay vibrio cholera. So, it is observed by the naked eyes as well. Methods: We used two antibodies (Ab) for V. cholera detection: a) a primary antibody conjugated to magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for trapping V. cholera bacterial cells, and b) a secondary Abconjugated thiocyanate-GNPs as a colorimetric detector. Then, an immuno-magnetic separation system connected to a colorimetric assay was designed based on the GNPs. The results were measured by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Results: The results showed that gold nanoparticles are an appropriate optical assay for detecting biological samples in a minimum concentration and also it can be easily seen by the naked eyes. The linear range of this biosensor is 3.2×104 to 28×104 cells per ml. Conclusion: In this research, a colorimetric immune assay based on gold nanoparticles was designed to improve the sensitivity of V. cholera detection. Also, this method can be used for the detection of other biological agents.

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Serum level of prostate specific antigen in users of a clinical laboratory of Novo Horizonte, São Paulo

Revista Brasileira de Análises Clínicas ◽

10.21877/2448-3877.201600526 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Felipe Augusto da Silva ◽

Francine Cristina Bardelotti dos Santos ◽

Maiara Hara Sanches ◽

Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado ◽

ADRIANA ANTÔNIA DA CRUZ FURINI

Keyword(s):

Serum Level ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo

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Scutellaria barbata Leaf Extract Mediated Gold Nanoparticles for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment by Metal-Induced Amyloid β Aggregation Inhibition

Journal of Cluster Science ◽

10.1007/s10876-019-01735-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 1269-1273

Author(s):

Guoqing Wang ◽

Jingcun Dai ◽

Xinjian Lu

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Gold Nanoparticles ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Disease Treatment ◽

Scutellaria Barbata ◽

Aggregation Inhibition

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Gold nanoparticles in the clinical laboratory: principles of preparation and applications

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm.2011.732 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Hassan M.E. Azzazy ◽

Mai M.H. Mansour ◽

Tamer M. Samir ◽

Ricardo Franco

Keyword(s):

Gold Nanoparticles ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Sensitive Detection ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Molecular Assays ◽

Detection Of Biomarkers

AbstractIn order to meet the challenges of effective healthcare, the clinical laboratory is constantly striving to improve testing sensitivity while reducing the required time and cost. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are proposed as one of the most promising tools to meet such goals. They have unique optophysical properties which enable sensitive detection of biomarkers, and are easily amenable to modification for use in different assay formats including immunoassays and molecular assays. Additionally, their preparation is relatively simple and their detection methods are quite versatile. AuNPs are showing substantial promise for effective practical applications and commercial utilization is already underway. This article covers the principles of preparation of AuNPs and their use for development of different diagnostic platforms.

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Integrated predictive model for prostatic cancer using clinical, laboratory and ultrasound data

Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões ◽

10.1590/0100-69912016006004 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

pp. 430-437

Author(s):

GUSTAVO DAVID LUDWIG ◽

HENRIQUE PERES ROCHA ◽

LÚCIO JOSÉ BOTELHO ◽

MAIARA BRUSCO FREITAS

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Predictive Model ◽

Prostate Biopsy ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Prostate Volume ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Digital Rectal Examination ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Rectal Examination ◽

Psa Density

ABSTRACT Objective: to develop a predictive model to estimate the probability of prostate cancer prior to biopsy. Methods: from September 2009 to January 2014, 445 men underwent prostate biopsy in a radiology service. We excluded from the study patients with diseases that could compromise the data analysis, who had undergone prostatic resection or used 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors. Thus, we selected 412 patients. Variables included in the model were age, prostate specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal examination, prostate volume and abnormal sonographic findings. We constructed Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and calculated the areas under the curve, as well as the model's Positive Predictive Value (PPV) . Results: of the 412 men, 155 (37.62%) had prostate cancer (PC). The mean age was 63.8 years and the median PSA was 7.22ng/ml. In addition, 21.6% and 20.6% of patients had abnormalities on digital rectal examination and image suggestive of cancer by ultrasound, respectively. The median prostate volume and PSA density were 45.15cm3 and 0.15ng/ml/cm3, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that only five studied risk factors are predictors of PC in the study (p<0.05). The PSA density was excluded from the model (p=0.314). The area under the ROC curve for PC prediction was 0.86. The PPV was 48.08% for 95%sensitivity and 52.37% for 90% sensitivity. Conclusion: the results indicate that clinical, laboratory and ultrasound data, besides easily obtained, can better stratify the risk of patients undergoing prostate biopsy.

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Magnetic Nanoparticle Arrays with Ultra-Uniform Length Electrodeposited in Highly Ordered Alumina Nanopores(“Alumite”)

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-636-d9.33.1 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 636 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Robert M. Metzger ◽

Ming Sun ◽

Giovanni Zangari ◽

Mohammad Shamsuzzoha

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽

Magnetic Nanoparticle ◽

Great Promise ◽

Nanometer Scale ◽

Nanoparticle Arrays ◽

Low Aspect Ratio ◽

Ordered Arrays ◽

High Uniformity ◽

Pulse Reverse ◽

Hexagonally Ordered

AbstractWe report nanometer-scale ordered arrays of cylindrical magnetic nanoparticles with low aspect ratio and ultra-high uniformity. Protracted anodization provides hexagonally ordered nanopores in amorphous Al2O3. For instance, pulsed electrochemical deposition grows Co particles of uniform length from the bottoms of these pores: these particles are polycrystalline and randomly oriented. The magnetism of the array is dominated by particle shape and by inter-particle magnetostatic interactions. A very clear transition of the anisotropy from perpendicular to in-plane is observed at a height to radius ratio of about 2. This pulse-reverse electrodeposition shows great promise for a reliable synthesis of uniform nanostructures of many metals.

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