scholarly journals Analysis of Biological Interactions by Affinity Chromatography: Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1083-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S Hage
Keyword(s):  
Affinity Chromatography ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Binding Agent ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract BACKGROUND The interactions between biochemical and chemical agents in the body are important in many clinical processes. Affinity chromatography and high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC), in which a column contains an immobilized biologically related binding agent, are 2 methods that can be used to study these interactions. CONTENT This review presents various approaches that can be used in affinity chromatography and HPAC to characterize the strength or rate of a biological interaction, the number and types of sites that are involved in this process, and the interactions between multiple solutes for the same binding agent. A number of applications for these methods are examined, with an emphasis on recent developments and high-performance affinity methods. These applications include the use of these techniques for fundamental studies of biological interactions, high-throughput screening of drugs, work with modified proteins, tools for personalized medicine, and studies of drug–drug competition for a common binding agent. SUMMARY The wide range of formats and detection methods that can be used with affinity chromatography and HPAC for examining biological interactions makes these tools attractive for various clinical and pharmaceutical applications. Future directions in the development of small-scale columns and the coupling of these methods with other techniques, such as mass spectrometry or other separation methods, should continue to increase the flexibility and ease with which these approaches can be used in work involving clinical or pharmaceutical samples.

Electromechanical fields in a hollow piezoelectric cylinder under non-uniform load: flexoelectric effect

2021 ◽  
pp. 108128652110207
Author(s):  
Olha Hrytsyna
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Solutions ◽  
Point Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Gradient Theory ◽  
Local Mass ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mass Displacement ◽  
Local Mass Displacement ◽  
Local Gradient

The relations of a local gradient non-ferromagnetic electroelastic continuum are used to solve the problem of an axisymmetrical loaded hollow cylinder. Analytical solutions are obtained for tetragonal piezoelectric materials of point group 4 mm for two cases of external loads applied to the body surfaces. Namely, the hollow pressurized cylinder and a cylinder subjected to an electrical voltage V across its thickness are considered. The derived solutions demonstrate that the non-uniform electric load causes a mechanical deformation of piezoelectric body, and vice versa, the inhomogeneous radial pressure of the cylinder induces its polarization. Such a result is obtained due to coupling between the electromechanical fields and a local mass displacement being considered. In the local gradient theory, the local mass displacement is associated with the changes to a material’s microstructure. The classical theory does not consider the effect of material microstructure on the behavior of solid bodies and is incapable of explaining the mentioned phenomena. It is also shown that the local gradient theory describes the size-dependent properties of piezoelectric nanocylinders. Analytical solutions to the formulated boundary-value problems can be used in conjunction with experimental data to estimate some higher-order material constants of the local gradient piezoelectricity. The obtained results may be useful for a wide range of appliances that utilize small-scale piezoelectric elements as constituting blocks.

scholarly journals Distribution of Saponins in the Sea Cucumber Holothuria lessoni; the Body Wall Versus the Viscera, and Their Biological Activities

Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadollah Bahrami ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Christopher M. M. Franco
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
The Body ◽  
Triterpene Glycosides ◽  
Partition Chromatography ◽  
Wide Range

Sea cucumbers are an important ingredient of traditional folk medicine in many Asian countries, which are well-known for their medicinal, nutraceutical, and food values due to producing an impressive range of distinctive natural bioactive compounds. Triterpene glycosides are the most abundant and prime secondary metabolites reported in this species. They possess numerous biological activities ranging from anti-tumour, wound healing, hypolipidemia, pain relieving, the improvement of nonalcoholic fatty livers, anti-hyperuricemia, the induction of bone marrow hematopoiesis, anti-hypertension, and cosmetics and anti-ageing properties. This study was designed to purify and elucidate the structure of saponin contents of the body wall of sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni and to compare the distribution of saponins of the body wall with that of the viscera. The body wall was extracted with 70% ethanol, and purified by a liquid-liquid partition chromatography, followed by isobutanol extraction. A high-performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC) was conducted on the saponin-enriched mixture to obtain saponins with a high purity. The resultant purified saponins were analyzed using MALDI-MS/MS and ESI-MS/MS. The integrated and hyphenated MS and HPCPC analyses revealed the presence of 89 saponin congeners, including 35 new and 54 known saponins, in the body wall in which the majority of glycosides are of the holostane type. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, the structure of four novel acetylated saponins, namely lessoniosides H, I, J, and K were characterized. The identified triterpene glycosides showed potent antifungal activities against tested fungi, but had no antibacterial effects on the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The presence of a wide range of saponins with potential applications is promising for cosmeceutical, medicinal, and pharmaceutical products to improve human health.

ANP kinetics in normal men: in vivo measurement by a tracer method and correlation with sodium intake

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (3) ◽  
pp. F480-F489 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Iervasi ◽  
A. Clerico ◽  
S. Berti ◽  
A. Pilo ◽  
F. Vitek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Mean Transit Time ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Wide Range

125I-labeled atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was bolus injected into seven healthy human male subjects on an unrestricted diet (sodium intake ranging from 80 to 300 mmol/day). A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was used to purify the labeled hormone and the principal labeled metabolites in venous plasma samples collected up to 50 min after injection. The main ANP kinetic parameters were derived from the disappearance curves of the 125I-ANP, which were satisfactorily fitted by a biexponential function in all subjects. Newly produced ANP initially distributes in a large space (plasma-equivalent volume is 12.1 +/- 3.6 l/m2 body surface); the hormone rapidly leaves this sampling space through both degradation and distribution in peripheral spaces, as indicated by the single-pass mean transit time through the sampling space (3.9 +/- 1.2 min). The mean residence time in the body (22.7 +/- 23.1 min) and the plasma-equivalent total distribution volume (30.9 +/- 12.0 l/m2) indicate that ANP is also widely distributed outside the initial space. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR) values were distributed across a wide range (from 740 to 2,581 ml.min-1 x m-2) and were shown to correlate strongly with the daily urinary excretion of sodium. These results indicate that: 1) newly produced ANP is rapidly distributed and degraded, 2) the body pool of the hormone can be considered as a combination of two exchanging spaces, 3) circulating ANP is < or = 1/15 of the body pool, and 4) MCR of ANP is closely related to sodium intake, at least in normal subjects on a free sodium intake diet.

scholarly journals First Report of Leek yellow stripe virus in Garlic in Ohio

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Testen ◽  
D. P. Mamiro ◽  
T. Meulia ◽  
N. Subedi ◽  
M. Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Asexual Propagation ◽  
First Report ◽  
Leek Yellow Stripe Virus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Virus Complex ◽  
Yellow Stripe

Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, infects a wide range of Allium species worldwide. LYSV is one of several viruses that chronically infect garlic, Allium sativum L. The garlic virus complex, which includes LYSV, Onion yellow dwarf virus, and Garlic common latent virus, is perpetuated by asexual propagation (4) and is transmitted to clean planting material by aphids (3). This virus complex can reduce garlic bulb weight by nearly three quarters (2), and LYSV-only infections can result in approximately a one-quarter reduction in bulb weight (2). Garlic is grown as a small-scale, specialty crop in Ohio. During late May and early June 2013, garlic plants with virus-like symptoms were collected from Medina, Holmes, and Wayne counties, Ohio. Plants exhibited chlorotic streaking, foliar dieback, dwarfing, small bulbs, and cylindrical bulbs that failed to differentiate into cloves. Incidence of affected plants in the fields was up to 5% and all fields had early season aphid infestations. Flexuous rods were observed in TEM micrographs of plant sap from symptomatic leaves. Five symptomatic plants and six asymptomatic plants (from fields with symptomatic plants) were evaluated for LYSV by DAS-ELISA (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN). Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR with LYSV-specific primers LYSV-WA and LYSV-WAR (3) was performed with cDNA generated by the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Both foliar and bulb tissues were tested using both detection methods. Forty percent of symptomatic plants and 67% of asymptomatic plants tested positive for LYSV with both ELISA and RT-PCR. LYSV was detected in both foliar and bulb tissues, including both tissues from asymptomatic plants. Five PCR amplicons generated from both foliar and bulb tissue were sequenced and shown to share 96 to 98% maximum identity with an LYSV polyprotein gene accession in GenBank (AY842136). This provided additional support that the detected virus was LYSV. LYSV was initially difficult to detect in Ohio fields due to low disease incidence and subtle symptom development. Use of virus-tested garlic bulbs can improve yield for several years, even following viral reinfection by aphids, compared to growing garlic from chronically infected bulbs (1). However, many growers routinely save bulbs from year to year and lack access to or knowledge of virus-tested sources of garlic bulbs. Conducive conditions, chronic infections, or co-infections with other viruses enhance the severity of symptoms and yield loss (2). LYSV has previously been reported in garlic producing regions of the northwestern United States (3), and to our knowledge, this is the first report of LYSV in garlic in Ohio. References: (1) V. Conci et al. Plant Dis. 87:1411, 2003. (2) P. Lunello et al. Plant Dis. 91:153, 2008. (3) H. Pappu et al. Plant Health Progress 10, 2008. (4) L. Parrano et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 51:549, 2012.

Testing automated sensor traps for mammal field studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Notz ◽  
C. Imholt ◽  
D. Reil ◽  
J. Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Bank Voles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sensor Signals ◽  
Common Voles ◽  
No Sensor

Context Live traps are regularly used in field and enclosure studies with mammals. In some scenarios, such as, for example, when the focus is on temporal patterns or to minimise the time animals are contained inside the trap for animal-ethics reasons, it can be highly useful to be alerted immediately when an individual is trapped. Aims In the present study, an automated system was trialed that is designed to automatically send a signal to a receiving device (pager, computer, mobile phone) when the body heat or movement of a trapped small mammal is registered by an infrared sensor (ERMINEA permanent monitoring system for rodent detection). Methods Sensors were attached to Ugglan multiple-capture traps and used in laboratory conditions and in semi-natural outdoor enclosures with common voles (Microtus arvalis) and bank voles (Myodes glareolus), as well as in the field with bank voles, Apodemus species and common voles. Sensor readings were compared to visual observation and trapping results. Key results In enclosure and field conditions, 100% and 98.7% of traps recorded captured animals correctly. There were no sensor signals when rodents moved along the outside or in the entrance compartment of the traps. Rodents sitting on the trap door triggered the sensor in 50% of cases when there was no bedding in the trap; however, there were no sensor signals if bedding was present. In laboratory trials, 20–70% of traps were falsely triggered by large insects (crickets), depending on ambient temperature and whether bedding was in the trap. Conclusions Generally, the system was a reliable, flexible and easy-to-handle tool to monitor live captures. To minimise false negatives (animals trapped without signal), testing sensor function in the pre-baiting phase and software adjustments are recommended. Implications The sensors are compatible with various trapping and other monitoring devices, providing the potential to be used in a wide range of applications. Their use is likely to optimise study designs, especially when temporal patterns are recorded or animals or samples need to be obtained soon after capture, and to minimise stress of trapped animals because they can be removed shortly after capture.

scholarly journals Wide Range of Biotin (Vitamin H) Content in Foodstuffs and Powdered Milks as Assessed by High-performance Affinity Chromatography

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kou Hayakawa ◽  
Noriyuki Katsumata ◽  
Kiyomi Abe ◽  
Masahiko Hirano ◽  
Kazuyuki Yoshikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Affinity Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Affinity Chromatography ◽  
Wide Range

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF TERIFLUNOMIDE ACROSS A WIDE DYNAMIC CONCENTRATION RANGE IN HUMAN PLASMA BY LC–MS/MS

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (32) ◽  
pp. 608-620
Author(s):  
Natalia E. MOSKALEVA ◽  
Natalia V. MESONZHNIK ◽  
Roman M. KUZNETSOV ◽  
Pavel A. MARKIN ◽  
Svetlana A. APPOLONOVA
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Blood Plasma ◽  
Measured Concentration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Acquity Uplc

Leflunomide is an antirheumatic drug with anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic properties, it is rapidly metabolized in the body to the active metabolite teriflunomide, which causes its pharmacological activity. At the usual 20-mg daily dosage of leflunomide, the expected teriflunomide plasma concentration is about 35 μg/ml. The pharmacokinetics of the drug is characterized by a large interindividual variability and a long half-life, which in combination with possible side effects creates the need to control the concentration of teriflunomide in the blood plasma. Teriflunomide may increase the risk of fetal death or teratogenic effects when administered to pregnant women. Teriflunomide plasma concentrations less than 0.02 μg/ml are preferred for patients anticipating pregnancy. In this study, a sensitive and high-performance method for analyzing teriflunomide in human blood plasma in a wide range of concentrations was developed and validated using a triple quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). Sample preparation was performed by protein precipitation with acetonitrile, followed by chromatographic separation using an Acquity UPLC BEN C8 1.7 mm, 2.1 × 50 mm column (Waters, USA). D4-teriflunomide was used as an internal standard. The developed method was validated in the concentration range from 0.001 μg/ml to 200 μg/ml teriflunomide in plasma. Accuracy (%), defined as the difference between the nominal and measured concentration and reproducibility (coefficient of variation CV) ranged from -5.02% to 5.00% and from 0.47% to 9.30%, respectively, within the series and between series of samples. The developed method was successfully used to analyze volunteer blood plasma samples after taking 20 mg of leflunomide.

Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Lawsonia Inermis ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Northwest India

Abstract L. inermis is a small, multi-stemmed shrub or small tree 2-6 m tall, commonly known as henna. It originates from the Persian Gulf region (and possibly northeast Africa) to northwest India and is now cultivated widely throughout the tropics and subtropics. The leaves produce a red dye which is used to paint fingernails, to decorate the body and to dye hair. Henna dye is very important traditionally, being used in Muslim and Hindu marriage ceremonies. In the past, its leaves were widely used to dye silk and wool, and less commonly cotton and leather. The wood of L. inermis is fine-grained and hard, being used for tent pegs and tool handles. A perfume is made from the flowers. Extracts from the leaves (and to a lesser extent the roots) are used in traditional medicine as a panacea against almost any disease. L. inermis is mostly grown on a small scale in gardens (often as a hedge) but is grown commercially in India, Pakistan, Egypt, Libya and Sudan. In African plantations, it is often irrigated and fertilized. It is easily grown as a short-lived perennial crop from seed and transplanted, or propagated by cuttings. It is adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions, but requires high temperatures for good growth. Henna is an important natural dye. To increase the potential of the crop, selection and breeding are needed to increase the content of the pigment lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) in the leaves. Many cultivars already exist locally, having being selected for their leaves or flowers. Research is also neeeded on ways to improve drying and processing of the leaves.

An Improved Small-Scale Connected Autonomous Vehicle Platform

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xihui Wu ◽  
Azim Eskandarian
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Connected Vehicle ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract This paper introduces a small-scale platform for Connected Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) research that outperforms currently available commercial options in several important benchmarks. The platform is built around a Radio-Control (RC) car utilizing high-performance brushless DC motors allowing the vehicle to reach a maximum speed of 70mph, expanding the possibilities for higher speed research applications. Furthermore, this platform (named after our lab, ASIMcar, for brevity in this article) is equipped with a robust sensor suite and features a state-of-the-art embedded GPU unit for onboard computation, allowing for real-time control over a wide range of challenging operations. For demonstration and comparison, lane keeping as an Advanced Driving Assistance System (ADAS) function was implemented and evaluated using the platform. The commercially available mobile robots are expensive, offer limited capabilities, are harder to modify for various research needs, are more difficult to interface with other robots (cars), and could have proprietary software/hardware features which render them less flexible and less adaptable to specific research needs. The developed ASIMcar overcomes these limitations and provides a highly flexible and cost-effective alternative for automated/autonomous and connected vehicle research and development projects. This paper provides an in-depth description for the development of this car and lists significant features which will assist other researchers to easily and rapidly duplicate them and create a similar platform for their research.

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