Distribution of Saponins in the Sea Cucumber Holothuria lessoni; the Body Wall Versus the Viscera, and Their Biological Activities

Sea cucumbers are an important ingredient of traditional folk medicine in many Asian countries, which are well-known for their medicinal, nutraceutical, and food values due to producing an impressive range of distinctive natural bioactive compounds. Triterpene glycosides are the most abundant and prime secondary metabolites reported in this species. They possess numerous biological activities ranging from anti-tumour, wound healing, hypolipidemia, pain relieving, the improvement of nonalcoholic fatty livers, anti-hyperuricemia, the induction of bone marrow hematopoiesis, anti-hypertension, and cosmetics and anti-ageing properties. This study was designed to purify and elucidate the structure of saponin contents of the body wall of sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni and to compare the distribution of saponins of the body wall with that of the viscera. The body wall was extracted with 70% ethanol, and purified by a liquid-liquid partition chromatography, followed by isobutanol extraction. A high-performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC) was conducted on the saponin-enriched mixture to obtain saponins with a high purity. The resultant purified saponins were analyzed using MALDI-MS/MS and ESI-MS/MS. The integrated and hyphenated MS and HPCPC analyses revealed the presence of 89 saponin congeners, including 35 new and 54 known saponins, in the body wall in which the majority of glycosides are of the holostane type. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, the structure of four novel acetylated saponins, namely lessoniosides H, I, J, and K were characterized. The identified triterpene glycosides showed potent antifungal activities against tested fungi, but had no antibacterial effects on the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The presence of a wide range of saponins with potential applications is promising for cosmeceutical, medicinal, and pharmaceutical products to improve human health.

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Northern Sea Cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa): A Potential Candidate for Functional Food, Nutraceutical, and Pharmaceutical Sector

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md18050274 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 274 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Abul Hossain ◽

Deepika Dave ◽

Fereidoon Shahidi

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

North Atlantic Ocean ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Marine Invertebrate ◽

The Body ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Potential Health ◽

Wide Range ◽

Cucumaria Frondosa

Sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) is the most abundant and widely distributed species in the cold waters of North Atlantic Ocean. C. frondosa contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, mainly collagen, cerebrosides, glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate, saponins, phenols, and mucopolysaccharides, which demonstrate unique biological and pharmacological properties. In particular, the body wall of this marine invertebrate is the major edible part and contains most of the active constituents, mainly polysaccharides and collagen, which exhibit numerous biological activities, including anticancer, anti-hypertensive, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-coagulation, antimicrobial, antioxidation, and anti- osteoclastogenic properties. In particular, triterpene glycosides (frondoside A and other) are the most researched group of compounds due to their potential anticancer activity. This review summarizes the latest information on C. frondosa, mainly geographical distribution, landings specific to Canadian coastlines, processing, commercial products, trade market, bioactive compounds, and potential health benefits in the context of functional foods and nutraceuticals.

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Occurrence of a unique fucose-branched chondroitin sulfate in the body wall of a sea cucumber.

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81341-8 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 263 (34) ◽

pp. 18176-18183 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R P Vieira ◽

P A Mourão

Keyword(s):

Chondroitin Sulfate ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

Body Wall ◽

The Body

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Extraction and Characterization of Pepsin Soluble Collagen from the Body Wall of Sea Cucumber Acaudina leucoprocta

Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology ◽

10.1080/10498850.2016.1222560 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 502-515 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Saijun Lin ◽

Ya-Ping Xue ◽

Enli San ◽

Tan Chee Keong ◽

Lifang Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Cucumber ◽

Body Wall ◽

The Body ◽

Soluble Collagen ◽

Pepsin Soluble Collagen

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Review on pharmacological and phytochemical prospects of traditional medicinal plant: Persicaria hydropiper (Smartweed)

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1568026621666210303145045 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Abdul Nasir ◽

Atif Ali Khan Khalil ◽

Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti ◽

Ashfaq Ur Rehman ◽

Jiayi Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Northern Hemisphere ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Present Review ◽

Polygonum Hydropiper ◽

Wide Range ◽

Pharmacological Data ◽

Different Parts

: Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre (family Polygonacea), commonly known as Polygonum hydropiper, is a popular medicinal plant used in traditional medicine. The plant is indigenous to the tropical northern hemisphere and temperate zone including China, Bangladesh, India, and Japan. The plant is used in folk medicine for numerous ailments such as hemorrhoids, antifertility, diarrhea, and dyspepsia. Its medicinal usage in Unani, Ayurveda, Siddha, and other traditional medicine is well-recognized. So far, a wide range of active phytochemicals of this plant has been identified, such as flavonoids, sulphated flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, steroids, coumarin, simple phenolics, and others. Pharmacological data reported in the literature suggest that various parts of P. hydropiper exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antidepressant, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anticancer, and antifertility effects. The present review aim is to compile the coherently document research on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and biological activities of P. hydropiper from different parts of the globe.

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Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Amburana cearensis (Allemão) ACSm

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules27020505 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 505

Author(s):

Zildene de Sousa Silveira ◽

Nair Silva Macêdo ◽

Suieny Rodrigues Bezerra ◽

Abolghasem Siyadatpanah ◽

Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

High Performance ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Literature Analysis ◽

Future Studies ◽

Analytical Technique ◽

Popular Medicine ◽

Brazilian Semiarid ◽

Wide Range ◽

Internet Searches

Amburana cearensis (Allemão) ACSm. belongs to the Fabaceae family and occurs in the Brazilian semiarid, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. Numerous studies that portray its ethnobotany, use in popular medicine, chemical composition, and biological activities exist in the literature. This review aimed to provide an overview of the chemical composition, ethnopharmacology, and biological activities associated with A. cearensis and its isolated constituents. Information was collected from internet searches in the Scopus, Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases were performed covering publications from 1997–2020. An ethnopharmacological literature analysis revealed that A. cearensis is used to treat a wide range of respiratory disorders in addition to intestinal, circulatory, and inflammatory problems. Coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic glycosides, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoid derivatives, and triterpenoids, among others, have been reported as active compounds, with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) being the main analytical technique used. The A. cearensis extracts and compounds presented several biological activities, including antimicrobial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and myorelaxant activities, among others. This review provides a useful bibliography for future investigations and A. cearensis applications; however, future studies should focus on its toxic effects and the mechanisms of action of its extracts and isolated constituents to guide clinical applications.

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ANP kinetics in normal men: in vivo measurement by a tracer method and correlation with sodium intake

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.1993.264.3.f480 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 264 (3) ◽

pp. F480-F489 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. Iervasi ◽

A. Clerico ◽

S. Berti ◽

A. Pilo ◽

F. Vitek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Mean Transit Time ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

The Body ◽

Metabolic Clearance ◽

Healthy Human ◽

Large Space ◽

Wide Range

125I-labeled atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was bolus injected into seven healthy human male subjects on an unrestricted diet (sodium intake ranging from 80 to 300 mmol/day). A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was used to purify the labeled hormone and the principal labeled metabolites in venous plasma samples collected up to 50 min after injection. The main ANP kinetic parameters were derived from the disappearance curves of the 125I-ANP, which were satisfactorily fitted by a biexponential function in all subjects. Newly produced ANP initially distributes in a large space (plasma-equivalent volume is 12.1 +/- 3.6 l/m2 body surface); the hormone rapidly leaves this sampling space through both degradation and distribution in peripheral spaces, as indicated by the single-pass mean transit time through the sampling space (3.9 +/- 1.2 min). The mean residence time in the body (22.7 +/- 23.1 min) and the plasma-equivalent total distribution volume (30.9 +/- 12.0 l/m2) indicate that ANP is also widely distributed outside the initial space. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR) values were distributed across a wide range (from 740 to 2,581 ml.min-1 x m-2) and were shown to correlate strongly with the daily urinary excretion of sodium. These results indicate that: 1) newly produced ANP is rapidly distributed and degraded, 2) the body pool of the hormone can be considered as a combination of two exchanging spaces, 3) circulating ANP is < or = 1/15 of the body pool, and 4) MCR of ANP is closely related to sodium intake, at least in normal subjects on a free sodium intake diet.

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Biological Activity of Bicyclic and Tricyclic Diterpenoids from Salvia Species of Immediate Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Interest

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1100600839 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. 1934578X1100600 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Maria Carmela Bonito ◽

Carla Cicala ◽

Maria Carla Marcotullio ◽

Francesco Maione ◽

Nicola Mascolo

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Plant Defence ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Scientific Basis ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Wide Range ◽

Real Value ◽

Antimicrobic Activity ◽

Cyclic Compounds

Diterpenoids are a class of compounds that derive from the condensation of four isoprene units that leads to a wide variety of complex chemical structures, including acyclic bi-, tri-and tetra-cyclic compounds; in Salvia species, only bi-, tri-and tetra-cyclic compounds have been found. This review covers a wide range of biological activities and mode of action of diterpenoids isolated from Salvia species that might raise some pharmacological and pharmaceutical interest. We have produced a synoptic table where the biological activities of the main active principles are summarized. Our analysis emphasizes that diterpenoids from Salvia species continue to be a plant defence system since their antimicrobic activity. Experimental studies show that most of diterpenoids considered have cytotoxic and / or antiproliferative activity. Some of them have also cardiovascular and central effects. In a less extended manner, diterpenoids from Salvia species show gastrointestinal, urinary, antinflammatory, antidiabetic, ipolipidemic and antiaggregating effects. In the last decade, several clinical trials have been developed in order to investigate the real value of Salvia extracts treatment; results obtained are promising and confer scientific basis in the use of medicinal plants from folk medicine.

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Reinterpretation of the enigmatic Ordovician genus Bolboporites (Echinodermata)

Zoosymposia ◽

10.11646/zoosymposia.15.1.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 44-70

Author(s):

EMERIC GILLET ◽

BERTRAND LEFEBVRE ◽

VERONIQUE GARDIEN ◽

EMILIE STEIMETZ ◽

CHRISTOPHE DURLET ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ct Scan ◽

Body Wall ◽

The Body ◽

Precise Nature ◽

Definitive Evidence ◽

Wide Range ◽

Ft Ir ◽

First Time

Bolboporites is an enigmatic Ordovician cone-shaped fossil, the precise nature and systematic affinities of which have been controversial over almost two centuries. For the first time, a wide range of techniques (CT-scan, SEM, cathodoluminescence, XPL, UV epifluorescence, EBSD, FT-IR and XRF spectrometry) were applied to well-preserved specimens of Bolboporites from Norway and Russia. Our main finding confirms its echinoderm affinities, as shown by its stereomic microstructure and by the first definitive evidence of its monocrystalline nature. Each cone consists in a single, microporous calcitic crystal with a narrow longitudinal internal canal. These results are combined with all previous data on Bolboporites to critically discuss five alternative interpretations of this fossil, namely theca, basal cone, spine, columnal, and holdfast, respectively. The most parsimonious scenario considers Bolboporites as an isolated spine, which was articulated in life by a short biserial appendage to the body wall of an unknown echinoderm, possibly of echinozoan affinities.

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Structures and Biological Activities of Typicosides A1, A2, B1, C1 and C2, Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Actinocucumis typica

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1300800307 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 1934578X1300800

Author(s):

Alexandra S. Silchenko ◽

Anatoly I. Kalinovsky ◽

Sergey A. Avilov ◽

Pelageya V. Andryjaschenko ◽

Pavel S. Dmitrenok ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Cucumber ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Monosaccharide Composition ◽

Triterpene Glycosides ◽

Ehrlich Carcinoma ◽

Cytotoxic Activities ◽

Monosaccharide Residue ◽

2D Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

The Third ◽

Carbohydrate Chains

Five new minor triterpene glycosides, typicosides A1 (1), A2 (2), B1 (3), C1 (4) and C2 (5), along with two known glycosides, intercedenside A and holothurin B3, have been isolated from the sea cucumber Actinocucumis typica. Structures of the glycosides were elucidated by 2D NMR spectroscopy and MS. Glycosides 1–5 are linear mono- and disulfated tetraosides differing from each other in both aglycone structures and monosaccharide composition of the carbohydrate chains. Typicosides A1 (1) and A2 (2) have identical monosulfated carbohydrate moieties with a xylose residue as the third monosaccharide unit and differ from each other in aglycon structures. Typicoside B1 (3) has glucose as the third monosaccharide residue. Typicosides C1 (4) and C2 (5) contain the same disulfated carbohydrate chains and differ from each other in structures of aglycone side chains. Antifungal activity of glycosides 1–5 against three species of fungi along with cytotoxic activity against mouse spleen lymphocytes and mouse Ehrlich carcinoma cells (ascite form), as well as hemolytic activities against mouse erythrocytes have been studied. All new glycosides, except for typicoside C1 (4), containing a hydroxy-group in the aglycone side chain, demonstrate rather strong hemolytic and cytotoxic activities.

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