A critical view of female aggression and the implications of gender, culture and a changing society: A Cook Islands perspective

Abstract The form and function of female aggression have been for many years an important social issue that demands investigation. Many studies of female aggression have focused on the perpetration and victimization of girls and young women from western countries. As a result, existing theoretical models and empirical foundations of girls' aggression are based on these defining constructs. The purpose of this article is twofold. The present study of adolescent females in the Cook Islands seeks to understand the role that perpetrators play in the type and the target of aggressive behaviour. It also examines the qualitative findings of girls' aggressive behaviour by boys, girls and their teachers and its gendered relationship inside the Cook Islands environment. The outcomes inspect the cultural context of girls in the Cook Islands that make their understanding and experiences of physical aggression and relational aggression unique and highlight the difficulties of young women positioned themselves between Cook Islands traditional values and asserting their contemporary Cook Islands' identity. The discussion highlights that aggression by girls in the Cook Islands is derived from a particular past and present that can in turn shape understandings of addressing aggression in the future.

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Mechanobiology and Adaptive Plasticity (MAP) Theory as a Potential Confounding Factor in Predicting Musculoskeletal Foot Function

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/19-113 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Greg Quinn

Keyword(s):

Physical Nature ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

The Body ◽

Adaptive Plasticity ◽

Form And Function ◽

Complex Processes ◽

Kinetic Information ◽

Foot Function ◽

Clinical Variation ◽

And Function

There are many theoretical models that attempt to accurately and consistently link kinematic and kinetic information to musculoskeletal pain and deformity of the foot. Biomechanical theory of the foot lacks a consensual model: clinicians are enticed to draw from numerous paradigms, each having different levels of supportive evidence and contrasting methods of evaluation, in order to engage in clinical deduction and treatment planning. Contriving to find a link between form and function lies at the heart of most of these competing theories and the physical nature of the discipline has prompted an engineering approach. Physics is of great importance in biology and helps us to model the forces that the foot has to deal with in order for it to work effectively. However, the tissues of the body have complex processes that are in place to protect them and they are variable between individuals. Research is uncovering why these differences exist and how these processes are governed. The emerging explanations for adaptability of foot structure and musculoskeletal homeostasis offer new insights on how clinical variation in outcomes and treatment effects might arise. These biological processes underlie how variation in the performance and utilisation of common traits, even within apparently similar sub-groups, make anatomical distinction less meaningful and are likely to undermine the justification of a 'foot type'. Furthermore, mechanobiology introduces a probabilistic element to morphology based on genetic and epigenetic factors.

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Definitions—The Form and Function of Relational Aggression

10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jamie M. Ostrov ◽

Sarah J. Blakely-McClure ◽

Kristin J. Perry ◽

Kimberly E. Kamper-DeMarco

Keyword(s):

Relational Aggression ◽

Social Dominance ◽

Future Directions ◽

Form And Function ◽

Electronic Aggression ◽

Relational Bullying ◽

And Function

This chapter reviews the definitions of relational aggression and other subtypes of aggression that are often studied in the developmental sciences. Specifically, definitions of relational, physical, indirect, social, verbal, nonverbal, proactive, and reactive aggression are provided. The modes, forms, functions, and contexts of aggression are reviewed, with a focus on relational aggression. Attention is given to other related constructs such as assertion, rough and tumble play, and social dominance, which should be considered and ruled out when studying subtypes of aggression. A definition and important considerations for the study of relational bullying are provided, and a brief discussion of the contexts of online or electronic aggression is given. Future directions and unanswered questions are raised.

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Introduction

10.1093/oso/9780190666507.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Mathias Clasen

Keyword(s):

Cultural Context ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Sociocultural Context ◽

Critical Approach ◽

Human Central Nervous System ◽

Form And Function ◽

Recent Developments ◽

And Function ◽

The Brain

Horror entertainment is paradoxically popular. It is one of the most consistently popular genres across media, yet it is designed to make audiences feel bad. An evolutionary perspective, one that builds on recent developments in cognitive and evolutionary psychology, can help explain the genre’s popularity as well as its form and function. This chapter argues that horror fiction is crucially dependent on evolved properties of the human central nervous system and that a nuanced and scientifically valid understanding of horror requires that we take human evolutionary history seriously. Horror targets ancient defense mechanisms in the brain. At the same time, horror changes in response to sociocultural context. Hence, the chapter argues for a biocultural critical approach to horror, one that is sensitive to cultural context as well as evolved psychological underpinnings. The chapter explains the rationale of the book and outlines its structure.

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Form and Function of Tridacna Shell Plaques from the Western Solomon Islands

Empirical Studies of the Arts ◽

10.2190/q5xv-j516-1qlq-a2pn ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 55-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Deborah Waite

Keyword(s):

Surface Finish ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Visual Analysis ◽

Solomon Islands ◽

Relative Thickness ◽

Clam Shell ◽

Form And Function ◽

Art Form ◽

And Function ◽

Technical Considerations

Openwork plaques made from tridacna clam shell constitute a significant art form from the Western Solomon Islands. Known facts are relatively few: the plaques were associated with burials and were sometimes used or referred to as a special form of “Custom Money.” Visual analysis of forty-two plaques or plaque fragments indicates that there are three groups separable on the basis of figure style, motifs, composition, and technical considerations such as the relative thickness of the plaques, surface finish, and the like. This article integrates known facts regarding function or use of the plaques with information about other clam shell artifacts from the same islands and with a detailed analysis of the plaques themselves so as to reconstruct something of the traditional cultural context and significance of these artifacts.

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Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100152148 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 34-35

Author(s):

Patricia G. Arscott ◽

Gil Lee ◽

Victor A. Bloomfield ◽

D. Fennell Evans

Keyword(s):

Molecular Structures ◽

Inorganic Materials ◽

Resolving Power ◽

Scanning Tunneling ◽

Tunneling Microscopy ◽

Form And Function ◽

Dna And Rna ◽

Calf Thymus ◽

And Function ◽

The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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