Mechanobiology and Adaptive Plasticity (MAP) Theory as a Potential Confounding Factor in Predicting Musculoskeletal Foot Function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Physical Nature ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Kinetic Information ◽  
Foot Function ◽  
Clinical Variation ◽  
And Function

There are many theoretical models that attempt to accurately and consistently link kinematic and kinetic information to musculoskeletal pain and deformity of the foot. Biomechanical theory of the foot lacks a consensual model: clinicians are enticed to draw from numerous paradigms, each having different levels of supportive evidence and contrasting methods of evaluation, in order to engage in clinical deduction and treatment planning. Contriving to find a link between form and function lies at the heart of most of these competing theories and the physical nature of the discipline has prompted an engineering approach. Physics is of great importance in biology and helps us to model the forces that the foot has to deal with in order for it to work effectively. However, the tissues of the body have complex processes that are in place to protect them and they are variable between individuals. Research is uncovering why these differences exist and how these processes are governed. The emerging explanations for adaptability of foot structure and musculoskeletal homeostasis offer new insights on how clinical variation in outcomes and treatment effects might arise. These biological processes underlie how variation in the performance and utilisation of common traits, even within apparently similar sub-groups, make anatomical distinction less meaningful and are likely to undermine the justification of a 'foot type'. Furthermore, mechanobiology introduces a probabilistic element to morphology based on genetic and epigenetic factors.

scholarly journals A Historical Review of Enzymatic Debridement: Revisited

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett David W
Keyword(s):  
Wound Care ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Bacterial Collagenase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biochemical Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Enzymatic Debridement

The following is an update to a book entitled, “A Historical Review of Enzymatic Debridement: Revisited”, which I wrote in 2003. Since its publication, while the relevant clinical evidence has remained consistent, the amount of biochemical research and knowledge gained has been impressive. In the first chapter a sampling of the typical topical enzymatic debriding agents that have been used in wound care are reviewed and interestingly enough only one remains on the market. The FDA has removed all others from the marketplace and an explanation is provided in chapter one along with descriptions of the use and mode of action (MoA) of these agents. Chapter two is a review of the many different types of collagen found in the body, including their structure, form, and function as so much additional insight into this molecule has been gained since 2003. In chapter three we see an account depicting the many advances in understanding matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) reviewed in detail. Form, function, tissue orientation and preferred substrates are addressed. Finally, in chapter four we see the history of the MoA of MMPs as compared to bacterial collagenase starting in the early ‘80s to the time of this current publication. In addition we see the level of complexity of bacterial collagenases compared to MMPs, helping us to better understand why bacterial collagenase is much more efficient at removing necrotic tissue from wounds than are our own (endogenous) MMPs. I hope the reader finds this review useful from an academic standpoint, but more importantly from a clinical framework helping to understand the role of these types of therapies in wound care.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic scaling of hydrostatic skeletons: geometric, static stress and dynamic stress scaling of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (12) ◽  
pp. 1871-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ Quillin
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Dynamic Stress ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Static Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dynamic Stresses ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Soft-bodied organisms with hydrostatic skeletons range enormously in body size, both during the growth of individuals and in the comparison of species. Therefore, body size is an important consideration in an examination of the mechanical function of hydrostatic skeletons. The scaling of hydrostatic skeletons cannot be inferred from existing studies of the lever-like skeletons of vertebrates and arthropods because the two skeleton types function by different mechanisms. Hydrostats are constructed of an extensible body wall in tension surrounding a fluid or deformable tissue under compression. It is the pressurized internal fluid (rather than the rigid levers of vertebrates and arthropods) that enables the maintenance of posture, antagonism of muscles and transfer of muscle forces to the environment. The objectives of the present study were (1) to define the geometric, static stress and dynamic stress similarity scaling hypotheses for hydrostatic skeletons on the basis of their generalized form and function, and (2) to apply these similarity hypotheses in a study of the ontogenetic scaling of earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, to determine which parameters of skeletal function are conserved or changed as a function of body mass during growth (from 0.01 to 8 g). Morphometric measurements on anesthetized earthworms revealed that the earthworms grew isometrically; the external proportions and number of segments were constant as a function of body size. Calculations of static stresses (forces per cross-sectional area in the body wall) during rest and dynamic stresses during peristaltic crawling (calculated from measurements of internal pressure and body wall geometry) revealed that the earthworms also maintained static and dynamic stress similarity, despite a slight increase in body wall thickness in segment 50 (but not in segment 15). In summary, the hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms differ fundamentally from the rigid, lever-like skeletons of their terrestrial counterparts in their ability to grow isometrically while maintaining similarity in both static and dynamic stresses.

Ciba Collection of Medical Illustrations, Volume 3, Part I. Upper Digestive Tract

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-342
Author(s):  
GIULIO J. BARBERO
Keyword(s):  
Human Organism ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
Gastrointestinal Physiology ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

This volume of the magnificent series of the major anatomy and pathology of the systems of the human organism illustrated by Dr. Netter is a fine example of the high quality of this series. The illustrations are beautifully reproduced with great clarity. The drawings attempt the difficult task of illustration of the relationship between form and function and succeed well in graphically portraying present concepts of upper gastrointestinal physiology. The charts on mastication, vomiting, hunger and deglutition are particularly excellent examples of the graphic arts in the explanation of such complex processes. The text accompanying the illustrations is succinct, precise and well written.

scholarly journals Prosthetic Considerations in Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhir Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maxillofacial Trauma ◽  
Maxillofacial Region ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Oral And Maxillofacial Region ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT Intraoral trauma may occur in isolation or in combination with injury of the other parts of the body. Once the life-threatening phase of trauma is over, the primary need for the patient is to restore the form and function of the tissues lost due to trauma. In the oral and maxillofacial region, esthetic consideration does sometimes supersede the need of function. This article briefl y summarizes the scope of prosthodontics in patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma. How to cite this article Bhandari S. Prosthetic Considerations in Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014; 48(2):87-90.

scholarly journals A critical view of female aggression and the implications of gender, culture and a changing society: A Cook Islands perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-217
Author(s):  
Angela Page ◽  
Aue Te Ava
Keyword(s):  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Female Aggression ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Cook Islands ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Abstract The form and function of female aggression have been for many years an important social issue that demands investigation. Many studies of female aggression have focused on the perpetration and victimization of girls and young women from western countries. As a result, existing theoretical models and empirical foundations of girls' aggression are based on these defining constructs. The purpose of this article is twofold. The present study of adolescent females in the Cook Islands seeks to understand the role that perpetrators play in the type and the target of aggressive behaviour. It also examines the qualitative findings of girls' aggressive behaviour by boys, girls and their teachers and its gendered relationship inside the Cook Islands environment. The outcomes inspect the cultural context of girls in the Cook Islands that make their understanding and experiences of physical aggression and relational aggression unique and highlight the difficulties of young women positioned themselves between Cook Islands traditional values and asserting their contemporary Cook Islands' identity. The discussion highlights that aggression by girls in the Cook Islands is derived from a particular past and present that can in turn shape understandings of addressing aggression in the future.

scholarly journals Decussation as an axial twist: A Comment on Kinsbourne (2013)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc HE de Lussanet ◽  
Jan W.M. Osse
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Efferent Connections ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
And Function ◽  
Axial Twist ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rostral Part

One of the great mysteries of the brain, which has puzzled all-time students of brain form and function is the contralateral organization of the forebrain, and the crossings of its major afferent and efferent connections. As a novel explanation, two recent studies have proposed that the rostral part of the head, including the forebrain, is rotated by 180 degrees with respect to the rest of the body (de Lussanet and Osse, 2012, Animal Biology 62, 193–216; Kinsbourne, 2013, Neuropsychology 27, 511–515). Kinsbourne proposes one 180-degree turn while we consider the 180 degrees being the result of two 90-degree turns in opposite directions. We discuss the similarities and differences between the two hypotheses.

scholarly journals Decussation as an axial twist: A Comment on Kinsbourne (2013)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc HE de Lussanet ◽  
Jan W.M. Osse
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Efferent Connections ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
And Function ◽  
Axial Twist ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rostral Part

One of the great mysteries of the brain, which has puzzled all-time students of brain form and function is the contralateral organization of the forebrain, and the crossings of its major afferent and efferent connections. As a novel explanation, two recent studies have proposed that the rostral part of the head, including the forebrain, is rotated by 180 degrees with respect to the rest of the body (de Lussanet and Osse, 2012, Animal Biology 62, 193–216; Kinsbourne, 2013, Neuropsychology 27, 511–515). Kinsbourne proposes one 180-degree turn while we consider the 180 degrees being the result of two 90-degree turns in opposite directions. We discuss the similarities and differences between the two hypotheses.

scholarly journals BALLA LOMPOA DI GOWA (Kajian Arsitektur Tradisional Makassar)

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Raodah Raodah
Keyword(s):  
Middle Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City ◽  
Bibliographic Study

AbstrakPenelitian mengkaji arsitektur tradisional Makassar rumah adat Balla Lompoa, bekas istana Raja Gowa. Rumah adat itu berlokasi di Kota Sungguminasa, Kabupaten Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan. Arsitektur rumah adat Balla Lompoa berbentuk rumah pang-gung, mencerminkan bentuk kebudayaan masa lampau. Tujuan penelitian, mengung-kapkan bentuk dan fungsi ruang, struktur bangunan, ragam hias, kosmologi dalam arsitektur Balla Lompoa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan bersifat deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa wawancara, pengamatan, dan studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bentuk dan fungsi bangunan  Balla Lompoa  terdiri dari tiga bagian, yaitu bagian atas disebut loteng atau pammakang, bagian tengah merupakan badan rumah disebut kale balla, dan bagian bawah atau kolong yang disebut passiringan. Arsitekturnya menganut falsafah sulapa appa yang menggambarkan segala aspek kehidupan manusia barulah sempurna jika berbentuk segi empat. Falsafah tersebut direfleksikan pada areal tanah, tiang rumah, jendela dan ruangan.  AbstractThis paper is a result of my research on traditional architecture of adat house Balla Lompoa, former palace of the King of Gowa. It is located in the city of Sungguminasa, Residence of Gowa, South Sulawesi. Balla Lompoa is a rumah panggung (house on stilts) that reflects cultural forms of the past. The aim of the study is to reveal form and function of the rooms, building structure, ornaments, and cosmology in the architecture. This is a descriptive research with qualitative approach. Data was compiled through observation, interviews, and bibliographic study. The result finds that the form and function of Balla Lampoa consist of three parts: upper part is called loteng or pammakang, middle part, which is the body of the house, called kale balla; and the lower part called passiringan. The house conveys philosophical value called sulappa appa, describing that perfect life of a human being is in the form of square. It is applied to the land are, house posts, windows, and rooms.

scholarly journals Current concepts in managing fractures of metacarpal and phalangess

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (02) ◽  
pp. 203-211
Author(s):  
Jagannath B. Kamath ◽  
Deepak M. Naik ◽  
Ankush Bansal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Biological Fixation ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Hand Fractures ◽  
Extremity Trauma ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
And Function ◽  
Phalangeal Fractures ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTFractures of the metacarpal and phalanges constitute 10% of all fractures. No where in the body, the form and function are so closely related to each other than in hand. Too often these fractures are treated as minor injuries resulting in major disabilities. Diagnosis of skeletal injuries of the hand usually does not pose major problems if proper clinical examination is supplemented with appropriate radiological investigations. Proper preoperative planning, surgical intervention wherever needed at a centre with backing of equipment and implants, selection of appropriate anaesthesia and application of the principle of biological fixation, rigid enough to allow early mobilisation are all very important for a good functional outcome. This article reviews the current concepts in management of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures incorporating tips and indications for fixation of these fractures. The advantages and disadvantages of various approaches, anaesthesia, technique and mode of fixation have been discussed. The take-home message is that hand fractures are equally or more worthy of expertise as major extremity trauma are, and the final outcome depends upon the fracture personality, appropriate and timely intervention followed by proper rehabilitation. Hand being the third eye of the body, when injured it needs a multidisciplinary approach from the beginning. Though the surgeon's work appears to be of paramount importance in the early phase, the contribution from anaesthetist, physiotherapist, occupational therapist, orthotist and above all a highly motivated patient cannot be overemphasised.

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